Decoupled water electrolysis:Flexible strategy for pure hydrogen production with small voltage inputs

Hydrogen gas is widely regarded as an ideal green energy carrier and a potential alternative to fossil fuels for coping with the aggravating energy crisis and environmental pollution.Currently,the vast majority of the world's hydrogen is produced by reforming fossil fuels;however,this hydrogen-making technology is not sustainable or environmentally friendly because ofits high energy consumption and large carbon emissions.Renewables-driven water splitting(2H_(2)0-2H_(2)+0_(2))becomes an extensively studied scheme for sustain-able hydrogen production.Conventional water electrolysis requires an input voltage higher than 1.23 V and forms a gas mixture of H_(2)/O_(2),which results in high electricity consumption,potential safety hazards,and harmful reactive oxygen species.By virtue of the auxiliary redox mediators(RMs)as the robust H^(+)/e^(-)reservoir,decoupled electrolysis splits water at a much lower potential and evolves O_(2)(H_(2)O+RMS_(ox)-O_(2)+H-RMS_(red))and H_(2)(H-RMS_(red)-H_(2)+RMS_(ox))at separate times,rates,and spaces,thus pro-ducing the puretarget hydrogen gas safely.Decoupled electrolysis has accelerated the development ofwater electrolysis technology for H_(2) production.However,itis still lack of a comprehensive and in-depth review in this field based on different types of RMs.This review highlights the basic principles and critical progress of this emerging water electrolysis mode over the past decade.Several representative examples are then dis-played in detail according to the differences in the RMs.The rational choice and design of RMs have also been emphasized.Subsequently,novel applications of decoupled water splitting are briefly discussed,including the manufacture of valuable chemicals,Cl_(2) production,pollutant degradation,and other half-reactions in artificial photosynthesis.Finally,thekey characteristics and disadvantages of each type of mediator are sum-marized in depth.In addition,we present an outlook for future directions in decoupled water splitting.Thus,the flexibility in the design of mediators provides huge space for improving this electrochemical technology.@2024 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by ELSEVIER B.V.and Science Press.All rights reserved.

Dynamic coefficients and stability analysis of a water-lubricated hydrostatic bearing by solving the uncoupled Reynolds equation

This paper concerns the dynamic characteristics of incompressible laminar flow hydrostatic bearings. An improved method based on the mathematical perturbation technique for calculating the stiffness and damping coefficients of hydrostatic bearings is presented;it raises the calculation efficiency by uncoupling the recess flow continuity equations from the solving of the Reynolds equation. The dynamic coefficients of a water-lubricated four-recess hydrostatic bearing are calculated with both the improved method and the conventional method. The comparisons between these two methods validate the effectiveness and correctness of the improved method. Furthermore, the dynamic response and stability characteristics of a rotor supported by the hydrostatic bearing are calculated and compared with experimental results. First, the dynamic responses calculated with the linear and nonlinear bearing dynamic coefficients models show that the linear model is inaccurate if the rotor whirls in a large eccentricity ratio range, owing to the nonlinearity of stiffness and damping. Second, according to the numerical and experimental results, the nonlinearity of bearing stiffness and damping coefficients could induce double rotational frequency component in the unbalance response frequency spectrum. Finally, the numerical results indicate that the stability threshold speed of the bearing increases with eccentricity ratio. The improved method proposed can be used to evaluate the dynamic performance of hydrostatic bearings efficiently, and the bearing characteristics presented could contribute to a better understanding of the performance of waterlubricated hydrostatic bearings.

A Transformer Model-Based Approach to Bearing Fault Diagnosis

Bearings are an important component in rotating machinery and theirfailure can lead to serious injuries and economic losses, therefore the diagnosis ofbearing faults and the guarantee of their smooth operation are essential steps inmaintaining the safe and stable operation of modern machinery and equipment.Traditional bearing fault diagnosis methods focus on manually designing complexnoise reduction, filtering, and feature extraction processes, however, theseprocesses are too cumbersome and lack intelligence, making it increasingly difficultto rely on manual diagnosis with large amounts of data.With the developmentof information technology, convolutional neural networks have been proposed forbearing fault detection and identification. However, these convolutional modelshave the disadvantage of having difficulty handling fault-time information, leadingto a lack of classification accuracy. So this paper proposes a transformer-basedfault diagnosis method, using the short-time Fourier transform to convert the onedimensionalfault signal into a two-dimensional image, and then input the twodimensionalimage into the transformer model for classification. Experimentalresults show that the fault classification can reach an accuracy of 98.45%.