荒漠草原植物多样性和微生物多样性对降水变化的响应

降水和生物多样性是维持干旱区荒漠草原生态系统平衡和稳定的关键因素,研究降水变化背景下荒漠草原植物多样性、微生物多样性以及二者相互关系具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原为研究对象,采用遮雨棚和滴灌技术模拟了5个降水梯度,分别为正常降雨量的33%、66%、100%(CK)、133%和166%(记为R33,R66,RCK,R133,R166),全面分析了降水变化对荒漠草原植物多样性和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)降水减少(R66)会显著降低植物群落的多样性和均匀度,降水增加(R133)会使植物群落丰富度显著增加(P<0.05);(2)细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Ace指数以及真菌群落的Ace指数随降雨量的增加显著增加,降水变化对真菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数影响显著(P<0.05);(3)增水处理对土壤微生物群落β多样性有显著影响;(4)细菌与土壤碳氮比、碳磷比之间存在显著正相关关系(P<0.05),真菌与土壤碳氮比、碳磷比及氮磷比之间均存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);(5)植物群落多样性与细菌Shannon-Wiener指数显著正相关,与细菌Simpson指数、Ace指数及真菌Ace指数显著负相关(P<0.05)。因此,降水变化对荒漠草原植物多样性和微生物多样性产生了显著影响,且二者之间存在紧密关联,这不仅为模拟和预测荒漠草原生态系统对气候变化的响应和反馈提供借鉴,也为该地区的生态保护和恢复提供了科学依据。

Research progresses of cathodic hydrogen evolution in advanced lead–acid batteries

Integrating high content carbon into the negative electrodes of advanced lead–acid batteries effectively eliminates the sulfation and improves the cycle life,but brings the problem of hydrogen evolution,which increases inner pressure and accelerates the water loss.In this review,the mechanism of hydrogen evolution reaction in advanced lead–acid batteries,including lead–carbon battery and ultrabattery,is briefly reviewed.The strategies on suppression hydrogen evolution via structure modifications of carbon materials and adding hydrogen evolution inhibitors are summarized as well.The review points out effective ways to inhibit hydrogen evolution and prolong the cycling life of advanced lead–acid battery,especially in high-rate partial-state-of-charge applications.