地方高校选修课程考核模式的改革与探索——以汉江师范学院为例

课程考核是课程教学中提高教学质量和评价人才培养质量的重要环节及有效手段。然而,地方高校汉江师范学院选修课程仍然存在考核方式单一、学生积极性差、创新性不足的问题。本文对选修课程考核模式进行了改革与探索,以表面活性剂化学课程为例,从教师评价、学生互评、学生贡献等三个角度出发,以科学成才观念为核心,设计并实践了教师评价(代号“T”)、组组互评(代号“G”)、个人贡献比(代号“I”)的“TGI”考核模式,打破传统的考核方式,提高学生积极性与主动性,激发学生的创新性,活化学生创新思维,培养学生的综合能力。“TGI”考核模式对提高课程教学质量具有重要的意义,对其他选修课程考核评价具有一定的借鉴作用。

System and Realization Path of Xi Jinping's Eco-poverty Alleviation Concept under the Vision of Green Development

Since the 18 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered a series of speeches on ecological environment and poverty governance,forming the Xi Jinping's eco-poverty alleviation ideology.In this paper,the Xi Jinping's eco-poverty alleviation ideology is taken as the research object.Using the methods of literature analysis and comparative analysis,the origin of eco-poverty alleviation theory is explored from the common prosperity theory and the theory of ecological capital,and the practice foundation is found out from practical cases.The relationship between the ecological damage and poverty is systematically analyzed,and the mechanism of ecological poverty is explored in detail.The basic connotation of Xi Jinping's eco-poverty alleviation is expounded,and it consists of three parts:guiding ideology layer,implementation layer,and guarantee layer.By perfecting and innovating the market mechanism,social management mechanism,performance evaluation mechanism,integration mechanism with other poverty alleviation methods,and ecological immigration mechanism of ecological poverty,the realization of Xi Jinping's eco-poverty alleviation concept could be guaranteed.

Construction of Regional Ecological Capital Operation Mechanism System from the Perspective of Green Economy Development

Green development has gradually become the main theme of the current world economic development.Green transformation development and cracking the contradiction between ecology and economy need to build an effective ecological capital operation system and mechanism to support,encourage the effective operation of regional ecological capital,promote the appreciation and preservation of ecological capital,and escort the operation.This paper constructs a four-in-one regional ecological capital operation mechanism system,in which the"accumulation mechanism"is the prerequisite,the"conversion mechanism"is the key link,the"compensation mechanism"is an important supplement,and the"incentive mechanism"is the safeguard measure,which aims to ensure the smooth progress of the construction of beautiful China in the new era and realize the socialist modern power.

Lifetime measurement of the 3d^(9) ^(2)D_(3/2) metastable level in Mo^(15+)at an electron beam ion trap

An experimental measurement of the lifetime of 3d^(9) ^(2)D_(3/2) metastable level in Mo^(15+)is reported in this work.The Mo^(15+)ions are produced and trapped in an electron beam ion trap with a magnetic field of 0.65 T.The decay photons emitted from 3d^(9) ^(2)D_(3/2) level are subsequently recorded via a cooled photomultiplier tube.Through meticulous scrutiny of potential systematic uncertainties affecting the measurement outcomes,we have determined the lifetime of Mo^(15+)3d^(9)2D_(3/2)metastable level to be 2.83(22)ms.The experimental result provides a clear distinguishment from existing calculations based on various theoretical approaches.

肿瘤电场治疗仪治疗复发脑胶质母细胞瘤的前瞻性单中心单臂探索性研究

目的:评价肿瘤电场治疗仪用于治疗复发胶质母细胞瘤患者的初步安全性和有效性。方法:选取2020年4月至2020年8月期间中南大学湘雅医院和解放军总医院6例受试者,均为男性,中位年龄53(48~68)岁。入组复发胶质母细胞瘤受试者并收集临床资料,通过观察受试者治疗期间不良事件的发生率、肿瘤进展时间(time to progression,TTP)和总生存时间(overall survival,OS)评估治疗的安全性和有效性。结果:入组6例受试者中位随访时间10.9(8.4~22.7)个月,所有受试者发生肿瘤进展,5例随访至死亡,截至随访截止1例生存。中位肿瘤进展时间(median time to progression,m TTP)为4.7个月(95%CI:3.62~5.78),中位无进展生存时间(median progression-free survival,mPFS)为4.7个月(95%CI:3.62~5.78),中位总生存时间(median overall survival,mOS)为10.9个月(95%CI:8.86~12.94)。客观缓解率(CR+PR)33.3%;疾病控制率(SD+PR+CR)83.3%。治疗相关的不良事件主要为头皮皮疹,发生率为66.7%,经调整电极片黏贴位置、保持创口干燥、涂抹类固醇类软膏或抗生素软膏后均可有效缓解。结论:肿瘤电场治疗仪用于治疗复发胶质母细胞瘤的受试者在电场治疗过程中呈现良好的初步安全性和有效性。

Identification and Characterization of Tonoplast Sugar Transporter (TST) Gene Family in Cucumber

Tonoplast sugar transporters(TSTs)play essential roles in regulating plant growth,development,and response to various biotic and abiotic stresses.In this study,a total of three TST genes were identified by a genome-wide analysis in cucumber.Phylogenetic analysis showed that TST proteins from cucumber and other plant species can be classified into five groups,and nearly all TST members in the same groups displayed similarmotif distributions,transmembrane(TM)domains,and gene structures.All of the three CsTST genes possess a number of development-,stress-,and hormone-related cis-elements in the promoter sequences.Meanwhile,qRT-PCR assays revealed that the CsTST1 was expressed in fruits,flowers,leaves,and other tissues,and its expression varied significantly under various abiotic stresses such as cold,salt,drought(PEG),and abscisic acid(ABA).Finally,functional analysis of CsTST1 in yeast revealed that it was able to complement the deficiency in galactose,mannose and sucrose transport.These results revealed that CsTST1 can act as a functional sugar transporter to play important roles in cucumber growth and response to abiotic stress probably through affecting carbohydrate distribution.

Isoflavones’effects on pharmacokinetic profiles of main iridoids from Gardeniae Fructus in rats

Gardeniae Fructus(GF)and Semen Sojae Praeparatum(SSP)are both medicine food homologies and widely used in Chinese clinical prescriptions together.The research investigated the pharmacokinetics of four iridoids in normal rats and isolfavones-fed rats,which were administered with isolfavones from SSP for 7,14,21 and 28 consecutive days.A validated LC-MS/MS method was developed for determining shanzhiside,genipin-1-gentiobioside,geniposide and their metabolite genipin in rat plasma.Plasma samples were pretreated by solid-phase extraction using paeoniflorin as the internal standard.The chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Atlantis T3(4.6 mm×150 mm,3 mm)column using a gradient mobile phase consisting of acetonitril and water(containing 0.06%acetic acid).The mass detection was under the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode via polarity switching between negative and positive ionization modes.The calibration curves exhibited good linearity(r>0.997)for all components.The lower limit of quantitation was in the range of 1 e10 ng/m L.The intra-day and inter-day precisions(RSD)at three different levels were both less than 12.2%and the accuracies(RE)ranged fromà10.1%to 16.4%.The extraction recovery of them ranged from 53.8%to 99.7%.Pharmacokinetic results indicated the bioavailability of three iridoid glycosides and the metabolite,genipin in normal rats was higher than that in rats exposed to isoflavones.With the longer time of administration of isoflavones,plasma concentrations of iridoids decreased,while genipin sulfate,the phase II metabolite of genposide and genipin-1-gentiobioside,appeared the rising exposure.The pharmacokinetic profiles of main iridoids from GF were altered by isoflavones.

Fringe optimization for structured illumination super-resolution microscope with digital micromirror device

Structured illumination microscopy(SIM)is a promising super-resolution technique for imaging subcellular structures and dynamics due to its compatibility with most commonly usedffuorescent labeling methods.Structured illumination can be obtained by either laser interference or projection of fringe patterns.Here,we proposed a fringe projector composed of a compact multiwavelength LEDs module and a digital micromirror device(DMD)which can be directly attached to most commercial invertedffuorescent microscopes and update it into a SIM system.The effects of the period and duty cycle of fringe patterns on the modulation depth of the structured lightfield were studied.With the optimized fringe pattern,1:6×resolution improvement could be obtained with high-end oil objectives.Multicolor imaging and dynamics of subcellular organelles in live cells were also demonstrated.Our method provides a low-cost solution for SIM setup to expand its wide range of applications to most research labs in thefield of life science and medicine.

MiR-133a-3p在膀胱癌中的表达及其分子机制研究

目的:利用生物信息学方法研究miR-133a-3p在膀胱癌组织中的表达和临床意义,并鉴定其靶基因和信号通路。方法:来自多个公共高通量数据库的514例膀胱癌组织和78例非癌组织样本用于评估miR-133a-3p的表达水平和临床意义。MiR-133a-3p的靶基因用于检测与膀胱癌进展相关的信号通路及其枢纽基因,并进一步验证枢纽基因与miR-133a-3p的相关性。结果:与非癌组织相比,miR-133a-3p在膀胱癌组织中表达显著下调(SMD=-1.604,p=0.015),且对膀胱癌具有鉴别意义(AUC=0.910,95%CI:0.880至0.930),miR-133a-3p高表达的膀胱癌患者预后相对较差(HR=1.383,p=0.030)。不同的患病年龄(t=2.414,p=0.0162)、疾病分期(T分期:t=2.488,p=0.0133;N分期:t=3.153,p=0.0017)、病理等级(t=2.067,p=0.0393)、肿瘤亚型(t=3.118,p=0.0048)的膀胱癌患者之间,其miR-133a-3p表达水平存在显著差异。富集分析结果表明miR-133a-3p的靶基因通过癌症、胞吞、Rap1等信号通路在膀胱癌中发挥影响。通过蛋白互作网络共筛选出9个枢纽基因(EGFR、CLTA、ARPC5、TFRC、NUDT21、FPR3、LAMC1、GNAI3、CAP1),其中CLTA、TFRC、NUDT21、CAP1与miR-133a-3p呈显著负相关。结论:miR-133a-3p在膀胱癌中表达下调且对膀胱癌具有良好的鉴别、预后价值,它可通过多种信号途径影响膀胱癌的进程。

Current state and future of co-inhibitory immune checkpoints for the treatment of glioblastoma

In the interaction between a tumor and the immune system,immune checkpoints play an important role,and in tumor immune escape,co-inhibitory immune checkpoints are important.Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)can enhance the immune system's killing effect on tumors.To date,impressive progress has been made in a variety of tumor treatments;PD1/PDL1 and CTLA4 inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in some tumors.However,glioblastoma(GBM)still lacks an effective treatment.Recently,a phase III clinical trial using nivolumab to treat recurrent GBM showed no significant improvement in overall survival compared to bevacizumab.Therefore,the use of immune checkpoints in the treatment of GBM still faces many challenges.First,to clarify the mechanism of action,how different immune checkpoints play roles in tumor escape needs to be determined;which biomarkers predict a benefit from ICIs treatment and the therapeutic implications for GBM based on experiences in other tumors also need to be determined.Second,to optimize combination therapies,how different types of immune checkpoints are selected for combined application and whether combinations with targeted agents or other immunotherapies exhibit increased efficacy need to be addressed.All of these concerns require extensive basic research and clinical trials.In this study,we reviewed existing knowledge with respect to the issues mentioned above and the progress made in treatments,summarized the state of ICIs in preclinical studies and clinical trials involving GBM,and speculated on the therapeutic prospects of ICIs in the treatment of GBM.

Learning to optimize:A tutorial for continuous and mixed-integer optimization

Learning to optimize(L2O)stands at the intersection of traditional optimization and machine learning,utilizing the capabilities of machine learning to enhance conventional optimization techniques.As real-world optimization problems frequently share common structures,L2O provides a tool to exploit these structures for better or faster solutions.This tutorial dives deep into L2O techniques,introducing how to accelerate optimization algorithms,promptly estimate the solutions,or even reshape the optimization problem itself,making it more adaptive to real-world applications.By considering the prerequisites for successful applications of L2O and the structure of the optimization problems at hand,this tutorial provides a comprehensive guide for practitioners and researchers alike.

An interesting synergistic effect of heteronuclear dual-atom catalysts for hydrogen production:Offsetting or promoting

To elucidate the synergistic effect of dual-atom catalysts(DACs)at the microscopic level,we propose and construct a prototype heteronuclear system,CuNi/TiO_(2),in which the two elements of a pair have significantly different d electron-donating abilities,as a piece in the puzzle.Using density functional theory calculations,we investigate charge-dependent configurations of Cu-Ni dimers anchored on TiO_(2)by the mixing of individual constituent atoms.The d electron-donating ability determines deposition sequence and position of transition metal atoms on oxides,establishing dimer pattern and metal-support interactions.The interaction between Cu and Ni,beyond the coordination environment,predominately contributes to the synergistic effect.A complex adsorption-reduction behavior of H species on CuNi/TiO_(2)is observed.The reaction mechanism and catalytic activity of CuNi/TiO_(2)for hydrogen production are explored.At room temperature and high H coverages,CuNi/TiO_(2)shows better performance and efficiency than Ni1/TiO_(2).Our findings provide a new understanding of the synergistic effect on structure-activity relationships of supported dimers,which would be beneficial in the future design of various DACs or even atomically dispersed metal catalysts.

Data-driven evacuation and rescue traffic optimization with rescue contraflow control

In response to local sudden disasters,e.g.,high-rise office or residential building fire disasters,road occupation can cause conflicts,and traffic directions may be opposite between evacuation vehicles and rescue vehicles;moreover,lane contraflow can be adopted to meet these surge traffic demands.However,lane contraflow that provides more roads for rescue vehicles reduces the traffic supply in the evacuation direction.It is unclear how to control the number of contraflow roads used by rescue vehicles to coordinate evacuation and rescue traffic operations.Here,we adjust the critical rescue traffic volume of reversing the normal road traffic direction to control rescue contraflow.Additionally,we propose a multiobjective mixed integer linear programming formulation for evacuation and rescue traffic optimization.Additionally,considering that the upper limit of the critical rescue traffic volume is unknown and that the proposed formulation includes multiple objectives and multi-priority vehicle classes,a three-stage solving algorithm is developed.Next,a large-scale evacuation and rescue traffic optimization result dataset is obtained for the Nguyen–Dupuis road network,and the impact of different rescue contraflow control plans on evacuation and rescue traffic is studied based on data-driven sta-tistical analysis.The results show that by adjusting the optimal rescue traffic route,the critical rescue traffic volume for reversing the normal road traffic direction can reduce the interference of rescue traffic to evacuation traffic operation performance without reducing rescue traffic operation performance,and can be used to coor-dinate evacuation and rescue traffic operation under rescue contraflow.

Effectiveness and safety of Shenfu injection in septic patients with hypoperfusion:A multi-center,open-label,randomized,controlled trial

Background:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the Shenfu injection(SFI)combined with standard bundle treatment in septic patients with hypoperfusion.Method:This study was a multi-center,randomized,open-label,controlled trial conducted in four teaching hos-pitals in China.The septic patients with hypoperfusion and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome with Yang-Qi deficiency were enrolled from January 2019,through September 2020.Eligible patients were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either receive 60 mL of SFI infusion per day plus standard treatment(SFI group)or stan-dard bundle treatment alone(control group).The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality.Secondary outcomes were 90-day all-cause mortality time to weaning from mechanical ventilation,time to weaning from vasopressors,time to discharge from the ICU and hospital,and laboratory results after randomization.Results:A total of 188 patients completed the trail.This study revealed that the results of the SFI group and the control groups were not statistically significant in 28-day all-cause mortality(10.6%vs.20.2%,respectively;P=0.106).The infusion of SFI was associated with a significant reduction in the duration of vasopressor use(median=4.0 days,interquartile range[IQR]:2.0 days-6.0 days vs.median=5.0 days,IQR:3.0 days-8.0 days,respectively;P=0.043).Patients in the SFI group had statistically greater reductions in plasma lactate levels compared with those in the control group at the first 12 h(median=1.1 mmol/L,IQR:0.3-2.0 mmol/L vs.median=0.0 mmol/L,IQR:−0.2 to 0.8 mmol/L,respectively;P<0.001)and 24 h(median=1.4 mmol/L,IQR:0.3-2.2 mmol/L vs.median=0.4 mmol/L,IQR:−0.4 to 1.6 mmol/L,respectively;P=0.001).Conclusion:SFI plus standard therapy did not significantly decrease 28-day all-cause mortality for septic patients with hypoperfusion and TCM syndrome with Yang-Qi deficiency.

新型患肢固定牵引带在肩关节镜手术侧卧牵引位中的应用

目的探讨新型患肢固定牵引带在肩关节镜手术侧卧牵引位中的应用效果。方法选择2021年1月至12月于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院骨科病区行肩关节镜手术的317例患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组。观察组患者肩关节镜手术中使用新型患肢固定牵引带固定牵引患肢,对照组患者肩关节镜手术中使用皮肤牵引带固定牵引患肢,对两组患者术前体位准备的时间、体位摆放术者的满意度、术后体位恢复的时间、牵引相关术后并发症的发生情况进行比较。结果两组患者术后均完成至少3个月随访。观察组患者术前体位准备的时间为(4.55±1.05)min,少于对照组(6.65±1.15)min,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组体位摆放术者的满意度为(47.00±1.34)分,优于对照组(41.58±2.18)分,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后体位恢复的时间为(2.96±0.83)min,少于对照组(4.54±1.11)min,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者术后牵引相关并发症为0例,对照组术后牵引相关并发症为3例;两组患者术前美国肩肘外科协会评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后2周、6周、3个月随访美国肩肘外科协会评分均较术前有明显提高,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论新型肩关节镜患肢固定牵引带在侧卧牵引手术体位中的应用有利于肩关节镜手术的开展,缩短了手术术前体位安放的时间和术后体位恢复的时间,提高了体位摆放术者的满意度,降低了牵引相关的术后并发症的发生,具有临床推广价值。

On-tissue chemical derivatization enables spatiotemporal heterogeneity visualization of oxylipins in esophageal cancer xenograft via ambient mass spectrometry imaging

On-tissue chemical derivatization(OTCD)effectively enhances ionization efficiency of low abundant and poorly ionized functional molecules to improve detection sensitivity and coverage of mass spectrometry imaging(MSI).Combination OTCD and MSI provides a novel strategy for visualizing previously undisclosed metabolic heterogeneity in tumor.Herein,we present a method to visualize heterogeneous metabolism of oxylipins within tumor by coupling OTCD with airflow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization(AFADESI)-MSI.Taking Girard’s P as a derivatization reagent,easily ionized hydrazide and quaternary amine groups were introduced into the structure of carbonyl metabolites via condensation reaction.Oxylipins,including 127 fatty aldehydes(FALs)and 71 oxo fatty acids(FAs),were detected and imaged in esophageal cancer xenograft with AFADESI-MSI after OTCD.Then t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and random forest were exploited to precisely locate the distribution of oxylipins in heterogeneous tumor tissue.With this method,we surprisingly found almost all FALs and oxo FAs significantly accumulated in the core region of tumor,and exhibited a gradual increase trend in tumor over time.These results reveal spatiotemporal heterogeneity of oxylipins in tumor progression,highlighting the value of OTCD combined with MSI to gain deeper insights into understanding tumor metabolism.

Erianin suppresses constitutive activation of MAPK signaling pathway by inhibition of CRAF and MEK1/2

Constitutive activation of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway(MAPK pathway)frequently occurs in many cancers harboring RAS or RAF oncogenic mutations.Because of the paradoxical activation induced by a single use of BRAF or MEK inhibitors,dual-target RAF and MEK treatment is thought to be a promising strategy.In this work,we evaluated erianin is a novel inhibitor of CRAF and MEK1/2 kinases,thus suppressing constitutive activation of the MAPK signaling pathway induced by BRAF V600E or RAS mutations.KinaseProfiler enzyme profiling,surface plasmon resonance(SPR),isothermal titration calorimetry(ITC),cellular thermal shift assay,computational docking,and molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to screen and identify erianin binding to CRAF and MEK1/2.Kinase assay,luminescent ADP detection assay,and enzyme kinetics assay were investigated to identify the efficiency of erianin in CRAF and MEK1/2 kinase activity.Notably,erianin suppressed BRAF V600E or RAS mutant melanoma and colorectal cancer cell by inhibiting MEK1/2 and CRAF but not BRAF kinase activity.Moreover,erianin attenuated melanoma and colorectal cancer in vivo.Overall,we provide a promising leading compound for BRAF V600E or RAS mutant melanoma and colorectal cancer through dual targeting of CRAF and MEK1/2.

Plasma-activated ethanol solution and it's decontamination effect

Ethanol solution as a disinfectant has been widely used in various fields.However,it has a significant bactericidal capability only when the volume fraction of ethanol is around 70%-75%.For such high concentration of ethanol solution,it has an irritating smell.When it is used for applications such as wound disinfection,it causes a stinging sensation.Low concentrations of ethanol solution are less irritating,but it is also less effective at killing bacteria.In this study,an idea for producing a green,efficient and less irritating disinfectant is proposed.It is based on a plasma-activated low-concentration ethanol solution(PAES).It is found that the plasma-activated 10% volume fraction of ethanol solution can kill more than seven orders of magnitude of Escherichia coli,while the untreated 10% volume fraction of ethanol solution has no bactericidal effect.Besides,the PAES's activity remains unchanged after being stored at -20℃ for three days.Further investigation shows that new compositions including peracetic acid,peroxynitrite,hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid are detected in the PAES,which together are playing the main role of the excellent and prolonged bactericidal effect.

Navigation algorithm based on semantic segmentation in wheat fields using an RGB-D camera

Determining the navigation line is critical for the automatic navigation of agricultural robots in the farmland.In this research,considering a wheat field as the typical scenario,a novel navigation line extraction algorithm based on semantic segmentation is proposed.The data containing horizontal parallax,height,and grayscale information(HHG)is constructed by combining re-encoded depth data and red-green-blue(RGB)data.The HHG,RGB,and depth data are used to achieve scene recognition and navigation line extraction for a wheat field.The method includes two main steps.First,the semantic segmentation of the wheat,ground,and background are performed using a fully convolutional network(FCN).Second,the navigation line is fitted in the camera coordinate system on the basis of the semantic segmentation result and the principle of camera pinhole imaging.Our segmentation model is trained using 508 randomly selected images from a data set,and the model is tested on 199 images.When labelled data are used as the reference benchmark,the mean intersection over union(mIoU)of the HHG data is greater than 95%,which is the highest among the three types of data.The semantic segmentation methods based on the RGB and HHG data show higher navigation line extraction accuracy rates(with the absolute value of the angle deviation less than 5)than the compared methods.The mean and standard deviation of the angle deviation of the two methods are within 0.1and 2.0,while the mean and standard deviation of the distance deviation are less than 30 mm and 60 mm,respectively.These values meet the basic requirements of agricultural machinery field navigation.The novelty of this work is the proposal of a navigation line extraction algorithm based on semantic segmentation in wheat fields.This method is high in accuracy and robustness to interference from crop occlusion.

人工智能的教学角色隐喻分析——以人工智能教育应用领域高影响力项目为例

能够自主"感知、理解、预测、行动"的人工智能是灵活强大的学习技术,在教与学过程中可以发挥多种作用。技术的灵活性为智能教学系统的设计和应用带来了挑战。合理的功能定位是人工智能技术发挥作用的前提,对其教学角色隐喻的分析对于智能教学系统的研究与利用有指导作用。本研究选择人工智能教育应用领域的高影响力项目开展了案例研究。案例研究表明,人工智能的教学角色隐喻主要有辅导者、教练、评价者、协调者、联通者、同伴和学生七种。从历史发展与现状来看,占优势的为教练、评价者和辅导者等教师隐喻。从教学的完整过程看,人工智能尚无法比肩人类教师,但在"行动中"其表现并不逊色于人类个体,在很多情况下各有千秋。受限于自然语言处理技术在语义处理上的裹足不前,辅导者还难以像人类教师一样与学习者开展连续的自然语言对话,但教练、评价者、协调者、联通者、学生和同伴则更充分地利用了计算机的多媒体与网络数据计算、存储、交互能力,能够提供人类教师难以或无法提供的学习经验。未来,人工智能的教学角色隐喻将继续演化,呈现出分化与整合、从支持"学"到"学教"并重的总体趋势;智能教学系统中文化因素的作用将日益显性化;将更重视与学习者建立与维持长期关系;人工智能将促进学习环境的虚实融合,提高学习环境的适应性。