Double-layer solid-state electrolyte enables compatible interfaces for high-performance lithium metal batteries

Solid-state lithium metal batteries are promising next-generation batteries for both micro-scale integrated electronic devices and macro-scale electric vehicles.However,electrochemical incompatibility between electrolyte and electrodes causes continuous performance degradation.Here,we report a unique design of a double-layer composite solid-state electrolyte(D-CSE),where each layer,composed of both polymer and ceramics,is electrochemically compatible with its contacting electrode(Li anode or LiCoO_(2)cathode).The D-CSE has a small thickness(50μm),high thermal stability(up to 160℃ without noticeable deformation),and good flexibility even at a high ceramics content(66.7 wt%).Large-area selfstanding film can be obtained by a facile coating route.The electrolyte/electrode interface can be further enhanced via forming a soft interface by in-situ polymerization.Quasi-solid-state Li|D-CSE|LiCoO_(2)coin cells with the cathode-supported D-CSE can deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 134 mAh g^(-1) and a high capacity retention of 83%after 200 cycles at 0.5 C and 60℃.Quasi-solid-state Li|D-CSE|LiCoO_(2)pouch cells(designed capacity 8.6 mAh)with the self-standing D-CSE have a high retention of80%after 180 cycles at 2 mA charge and 4 mA discharge.At a high cathode loading(19.1 mg cm^(-2)),the Li|D-CSE|LiCoO_(2)pouch cell still can be stably cycled,and can withstand abuse tests of folding,cutting and nail penetration,indicating practical applications of the D-CSE.

Dual-salt assisted synergistic synthesis of Prussian white cathode towards high-capacity and long cycle potassium ion battery

Prussian blue analogues(PBAs) are considered as superior cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) because of their three-dimensional open framework structure,high stability,and low cost.However,the intrinsic lattice defects and low potassium content typically results in poor rate and cycling performance,thus limited their practical applications.In this work,high-quality K1.64FeFe(CN)6(PW-HQ)material with less crystalline water(6.21%) and high potassium content(1.64 mol^(-1)) was successfully synthesized by a novel coprecipitation method with potassium citrate(K-CA) and potassium chloride(KCl) addition.Specifically,the electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 113.1 mA h g^(-1)at the current rate of 50 mA g^(-1)with~100% coulombic efficiency.Besides,the electrode retained 90% reversible capacity at 500 mA g^(-1)current density after 1000 cycles,indicating only 0.01% capacity decay per cycle.Moreover,we have revealed that the introduction of K-CA controlled the chelating rate of Fe(Ⅱ) and the addition of KCl increased the K+content,hence improving the capacity and stability of the asprepared electrodes.Structural evolution and potassium storage mechanism were further investigated by detailed ex-situ X-ray diffraction and in-situ Raman measurements,which demonstrated reversible potassiation/depotassiation behavior and negligible volume change during the electrochemical process.In general,this work provides an efficient strategy to eliminate water contents in Prussian blue cathode and improve its electrochemical performance,which plays a key role in promoting the industrialization of potassium ion batteries.

Weavable thermoelectrics: advances, controversies, and future developments

Owing to the capability of the conversion between thermal energy and electrical energy and their advantages of light weight,compactness,noise-free operation,and precision reliability,wearable thermoelectrics show great potential for diverse applications.Among them,weavable thermoelectrics,a subclass with inherent flexibility,wearability,and operability,find utility in harnessing waste heat from irregular heat sources.Given the rapid advancements in this field,a timely review is essential to consolidate the progress and challenge.Here,we provide an overview of the state of weavable thermoelectric materials and devices in wearable smart textiles,encompassing mechanisms,materials,fabrications,device structures,and applications from recent advancements,challenges,and prospects.This review can serve as a valuable reference for researchers in the field of flexible wearable thermoelectric materials and devices and their applications.

Forging Inspired Processing of Sodium-Fluorinated Graphene Composite as Dendrite-Free Anode for Long-Life Na–CO_(2) Cells

Na–CO_(2) batteries recently are emerging as promising energy-storage devices due to the abundance of Na in the earth’s crust and the clean utilization of greenhouse gas CO_(2) .However,similar to metallic Li,metallic Na also suffers from a serious issue of dendrite growth upon repeated cycling,while a facile method to solve this issue is still lacking.In this work,we report an effective,environmentally friendly method to inhibit Na dendrite growth by in situ constructing a stable,NaF-rich solid electrolyte interface(SEI)layer on metallic Na via adding a small amount(~3 wt%)of fluorinated graphene(FG)in bulk Na.Inspired by the forging processing,a uniform Na/FG composite was obtained by melting and repetitive FG-adsorbing/hammering processes.The Na/FG–Na/FG half cell exhibits a low voltage hysteresis of 110–140 mV over 700 h at a current density up to 5 mA cm^(-2) with an areal capacity as high as 5 mAh cm^(-2).Na–CO_(2) full cell with the Na/FG anode is able to sustain a stable cycling of 391 cycles at a limited capacity of 1000 mAh g^(-1).Long cycle life of the cell can be attributed to the protecting effect of the in situ fabricated NaF-rich SEI layer on metallic Na.Both experiments and density functional theory(DFT)calculations confirm the formation of the NaF-rich SEI layer.The inhibition effect of the NaF-rich SEI layer for Na dendrites is verified by in situ optical microscopy observations.

Correction to:Influence of Extrusion Speed on the Microstructure Evolution,Interface Bonding and Mechanical Response of Mg MB26/Al 7075 Composite Rod

Correction to:Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)(2019)32:253-262 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-018-0838-x Errorin Table In the original publication[1],there was an error in the contents of Mn element and Cr element in Table 1.The corrected Table 1 appears below.

Microstructure and dry sliding wear behavior of laser clad AlCrNiSiTi multi-principal element alloy coatings

The approximately equimolar ratio A1CrNiSiTi multi-principal element alloy （MPEA） coatings were fab- ricated by laser cladding on Ti-6Al-4V （Ti64） alloy. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, equipped with an energy-dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）, and X-ray diffrac- tion （XRD） were used to characterize the microstructure and composition. Investigations show that the coatings consist of （Ti, Cr）5Si3 and NiA1 phases, formed by in situ reaction. The phase composition is initially explicated according to obtainable binary and ternary phase diagrams, and the formation Gibbs energy of TisSi3, VsSi3 and CrsSi3. Dry sliding reciprocating friction and wear tests of the A1CrNiSiTi coating and Ti64 alloy substrate without coating were evaluated. A surface mapping profiler was used to evaluate the wear volume. The worn surface was characterized by SEM-EDS. The hardness and wear resistance of the A1CrNiSiTi coating are well compared with that of the basal material （Ti64）. The main wear mechanism of the AICrNiSiTi coating is slightly adhesive transfer from GCrl5 counterpart, and a mixed layer com- posed of transferred materials and oxide is formed.

Characteristics of Twin Lamellar Structure in Magnesium Alloy during Room Temperature Dynamic Plastic Deformation

The microstructures of the as-rolled magnesium alloy subjected to dynamic plastic deformation along the rolling direction have been investigated.Mostly one{101-2}twin variant or a twin variant pair is activated in a grain,leading to a parallel{101-2}twin lamellar structure.At the stage of twinning-dominated deformation(ε〈-8%),lamellar thickness decreases significantly with strain,from 5.55 to 2.49 pro.The evolution of lamellar thickness during deformation is directly related to{1012}twin activity.When plastic strain is greater than-8%,the twin lamellar structure disappears because the volume fraction of twins almost saturates at a value of-90%.

Solvothermal-assisted morphology evolution of nanostructured LiMnPO_4 as high-performance lithium-ion batteries cathode

As a potential substitute for LiFePO4, LiMnPO4 has attracted more and more attention due to its higher energy, showing potential application in electric vehicle（EV） or hybrid electric vehicle（HEV）. In this work,solvothermal method was used to prepare nano-sized LiMnPO4, where ethylene glycol was used as solvent, and lithium acetate（LiAc）, phosphoric acid（H3 PO4） and manganese chloride（MnCl2） were used as precursors. The crystal structure and morphology of the obtained products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical performance was evaluated by charge-discharge cycling, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the molar ratio of LiAc：H3 PO4：MnCl2 plays a critical role in directing the morphology of LiMnPO4. Large plates transform into irregular nanoparticles when the molar ratio changes from 2：1：1 to 6：1：1. After carbon coating, the product prepared from the 6：1：1 precursor could deliver discharge capacities of 156.9,122.8, and 89.7 mAhg-1 at 0.05 C, 1 C and 10 C, respectively.The capacity retention can be maintained at 85.1% after 200 cycles at 1 C rate for this product.

Effects of Ausforming Procedure and Following Annealing Treatment on Microstructural Characteristics in Cobalt

The effects of ausforming procedure and subsequent annealing treatments on microstructures of cobalt（Co）samples are investigated by electron channeling contrast and electron backscatter diffraction techniques.Results show that the ausformed Co samples consist of coarsen blocky laths（single ε phase）with the irregular morphology and the ultra-fine acicular laths（dual phase：γ and ε）with the slender and rectangular morphologies.As compared to the slight reduction sample,the much denser acicular laths are observed in the heavily ausformed sample.In addition,recrystallization behavior and annealing-induced 7--＋ e transformation have occurred in ausformed Co samples during the annealing treatment.

Microstructural Characterization of Pure Titanium Treated by Laser Surface Treatment Under Different Processing Parameters

Advanced characterization techniques are utilized to investigate the effect of laser surface treatment on microstructural evolution of pure titanium（Ti）.The results show that there are three distinctly different types of microstructure from surface to substrate in Ti samples,including phase transformation and solidification microstructure in zone I（melting zone）;insufficient recrystallization grains with residual a martensitic plates in zone II（heat-affected zone,HAZ）;fully recrystallization microstructure in zone III（base metal,BM）.The hardness evolution profiles under different laser treatment parameters are similar.The highest hardness in MZ is ascribed to α plate,while the lowest hardness value in HAZ is due to the insufficiently recrystallized grains.The metallurgical process on the laser-modified Ti samples is systematically discussed in this work.

Influence of Extrusion Speed on the Microstructure Evolution, Interface Bonding and Mechanical Response of Mg MB26/Al 7075 Composite Rod

The Mg MB26/Al 7075 composite rod,in which Mg MB26 serves as the sleeve and Al 7075 serves as the core,is fabricated via the process of co-extrusion.The influence of extrusion speed on the microstructure evolution,interface bonding and mechanical response of the Mg MB26/Al 7075 composite rod is investigated.The results show that the typical extrusion texture of Mg sleeve does not change during co-extrusion;however,the average grain size in the Mg sleeve slightly changes from 1.57 lm in the case of extrusion speed of 0.3 mm/s to 2.78 lm in the case of extrusion speed of2.1 mm/s.The thickness of interface transition layer increases significantly from 5.5 to 50 lm,and therefore,the interface bonding becomes deteriorative with increasing extrusion speed;in particular,many cavities emerge in the case of 1.2 and2.1 mm/s.

Towards understanding twinning behavior near fracture surface in magnesium

Deformation twin is one of the most important strain accommodation mechanisms and ultimately influences the mechanical properties for magnesium and its alloys.Especially,{1011}twin is usually thought to be closely related to the fracture or fatigue process of magnesium alloys.In the present work,the characteristics of microstructure near fracture region of deformed magnesium alloy have been investigated by a combination of electron back-scatter diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscope(TEM).It has found that a large of deformation twins occur near fraction region,including{1012}and{1011}primary twins,{1011}-{1012}double twin and{1011}-{1012}-{1011}-{1012}quadruple twin.The actual boundaries of{1011}twins at atomic scale consist of{1011}coherent twinning boundaries(TBs)and parallel basal-pyramidal(BPy/Py B)planes.The tip of{1011}twin can even end up with BPy/Py B interfaces only.The experimental observations also reveal that when two{1011}twin variants sharing a common[1120]zone axis approach each other,the growth of one twin is usually hindered by the boundaries of the other twin.In addition,an apparent"crossing"phenomenon is also discovered when interaction of two{1011}twins takes place.According to these experimental observations,the possible underlying mechanisms behind such phenomena are proposed and discussed.These finding are expected to provide an insight into understanding the twinning behavior and the relationship between twin and fracture in magnesium and other materials with hexagonal structure.

Plasticity Induced by Twin Lamellar Structure in Magnesium Alloy

Effect of {10-12} twins on the mechanical properties of magnesium alloy has received considerable research interest. A hot-rolled AZ31 Mg alloy sheet was subjected to dynamic plastic deformation with the aim of introducing {10-12} twin lamellar structure. It has been found that higher strength and better ductility are obtained when tensile loading is perpendicular to the c axis of twin region of the twin lamellar structured sample, indicating that the plasticity improvement caused by twins depends on the special strain path. The fracture morphology of the twin lamellar structured sample shows a dimple fracture mode under tensile loading perpendicular to the c axis, while the cleavage fracture with river pattern has been observed in other fractured samples. Above experimental results indicate that the interaction of dislocations and twin lamellae may play an important role in improving mechanical properties of Mg alloy.

LATP-coated LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)cathode with compatible interface with ultrathin PVDF-reinforced PEO-LLZTO electrolyte for stable solid-state lithium batteries

LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)is considered as a promising cathode for high-energy-density solid-sate Li metal battery for its high theoretical capacity.However,the high oxidizability and structural instability during charge limit its practical applications.In this work,1%(in mass)of nanosized Li_(1.3)Al_(0.3)Ti_(1.7)(PO_(4))_(3)(LATP)was coated on NCM811 to enhance its electrochemical stability with a ceramic/polymer com-posite electrolyte.A robust,ultrathin(11 mm)composite electrolyte film was prepared by combining poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)with polyethylene oxide(PEO)-Li_(6.5)La_(3)Zr_(1.5)Ta_(0.5)O_(12)(LLZTO).An in-situ polymerization process was used to enhance the interface between the PVDF/PEO-LLZTO(PPL)com-posite electrolyte and the LATP-coated NCM811(LATP-NCM811).Coin-type Li|LATP-NCM811 cell with the PPL electrolyte exhibits stable cycling with an 81%capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.5 C.Pouch-type cell was also fabricated,which can be stably cycled for 70 cycles at 0.5 C/1.0 C(80%retention),and withstand abuse tests of bending,cutting and nail penetration.This work provides an applicable method to fabricate solid-state Li metal batteries with high performance.

预变形程度和变形温度对CoCrFeMnNi高熵合金的变形机制及后续再结晶行为的影响

使用电子背向散射衍射技术研究了预变形程度和变形温度对CoCrFeMnNi高熵合金的变形机制和后续再结晶行为的影响。结果表明,在低应变量条件下,变形温度对CoCrFeMnNi高熵合金的形变微观组织没有显著的影响,形变机制均以位错滑移为主导;在室温下变形,随着应变量的增大位错滑移和孪生变形共同主导变形。在低温退火条件下预变形程度对再结晶行为也没有显著的影响,难以发生再结晶。但是在高温退火条件下,变形程度的提高使再结晶晶粒显著细化和∑3晶界的比例大幅度提高。

Coronavirus membrane-associated papain-like proteases induce autophagy through interacting with Beclinl to negatively regulate antiviral innate immunity

Autophagy plays important roles in modulating viral replication and antiviral immune response. Coronavirus infection is associated with the autophagic process, however, little is known about the mechanisms of autophagy induction and its contribution to coronavirus regulation of host innate responses. Here, we show that the membrane-associated papain-like protease PLP2 （PLP2-TM） of coronaviruses acts as a novel autophagy- inducing protein. Intriguingly, PLP2-TM induces incom- plete autophagy process by increasing the accumula- tion of autophagosomes but blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Furthermore, PLP2- TM interacts with the key autophagy regulators, LC3 and Beclinl, and promotes Beclinl interaction with STING, the key regulator for antiviral IFN signaling. Finally, knockdown of Beclinl partially reverses PLP2-TM＇s inhibitory effect on innate immunity which resulting in decreased coronavirus replication. These results sug- gested that coronavirus papain-like protease induces incomplete autophagy by interacting with Beclinl, which in turn modulates coronavirus replication and antiviral innate immunity.

Anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer:mechanisms and potential regimens of drug resistance

Cetuximab and panitumumab,as the highly effective antibodies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),have clinical activity in the patients with metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC).These agents have good curative efficacy,but drug resistance also exists at the same time.The effects of KRAS,NRAS,and BRAF mutations and HER2 amplification on the treatment of refractory mCRC have been elucidated and the corresponding countermeasures have been put forward.However,the changes in EGFR and its ligands,the mutations or amplifications of PIK3CA,PTEN,TP53,MET,HER3,IRS2,FGFR1,and MAP2K1,the overexpression of insulin growth factor-1,the low expression of Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death,mismatch repair-deficient,and epigenetic instability may also lead to drug resistance in mCRC.Although the emergence of drug resistance has genetic or epigenetic heterogeneity,most of these molecular changes relating to it are focused on the key signaling pathways,such as the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway.Accordingly,numerous efforts to target these signaling pathways and develop the novel therapeutic regimens have been carried out.Herein,we have reviewed the underlying mechanisms of the resistance to anti-EGFR therapy and the possible implications in clinical practice.