Termites and Chinese agricultural system: applications and advances in integrated termite management and chemical control

Termites are eusocial arthropod decomposers,and improve soil fertility,crop yield,and also are used by humans for their ben efits across the world.However,some species of termites are becoming a threat to the farming community as they are directly and indirectly causing major losses to the agricultural system.It is estimated that termites cost the global economy more than 40 billion USD annually,and considerable research has been done on their management.In this review,we present the available information related to sustainable and integrated termite management practices(ITM).Furthermore,we insist that the better management of this menace can be possible through:(i)improving traditional methods to keep termites away from crops;(ii)improving agricultural practices to maintain plants with more vigor and less susceptible to termite attack;and(iii)integration of available techniques to reduce termite infestation in crops and surroundings.The application of an effective combination of traditional practices with recently developed approaches is the best option for agricultural growers.Moreover,keeping in mind the beneficial nature of this pest,more innovative efforts for its management,particularly using rapidly emerging technology(e.g.,RNA interference),are needed.

Multipartite symbioses in fungus-growing termites (Blattodea: Termitidae, Macrotermitinae) for the degradation of lignocellulose

Fungus-growing termites are among the most successful herbivorous animals and improve crop productivity and soil fertility.A range of symbiotic organisms can be found inside their nests.However,interactions of termites with these symbionts are poorly understood.This review provides detailed information on the role of multipartite symbioses(between termitophiles,termites,fungi,and bacteria)in fungus-growing termites for lignocellulose degradation.The specific functions of each component in the symbiotic system are also discussed.Based on previous studies,we argue that the enzymatic contribution from the host,fungus,and bacteria greatly facilitates the decomposition of complex polysaccharide plant materials.The host-termitophile interaction protects the termite nest from natural enemies and maintains the stability of the microenvironment inside the colony.