Adhesive hydrogels for bioelectronics

Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.

Temporal transcriptome reveals that circadian clock is invoived in the dynamic regulation of immune response to bacterial infection in Bombyx mori

The circadian clock plays a critical role in the regulation of host immune defense.However,the mechanistic basis for this regulation is largely unknown.Herein,the core clock gene cryptochromel(cryl)knockout line in Bombyx mori,an invertebrate animal model,was constructed to obtain the silkworm with dysfunctional molecular clock,and the dynamic regulation of the circadian clock on the immune responsiveness within 24h of Staphylococcus aureus infection was analyzed.We found that deletion of cryl decreased viability of silkworms and significantly reduced resistance of larvae to S.aureus.Time series RNA-seq analysis identified thousands of rhythmically expressed genes,including immune response genes,in the larval immune tissue,fat bodies.Uninfected cry1 knockout silkworms exhibited expression patterns of rhythmically expressed genes similar to wild-type(WT)silkworms infected with S.aureus.However,cry knockout silkworms exhibited a seriously weakened response to S.aureus infection.The immune response peaked at 6 and 24 h after infection,during which“transcription storms”occurred,and the expression levels of the immune response genes,PGRP and antimicrobial peptides(AMPs),were significantly upregulated in WT.In contrast,cry I knockout did not effectively activate Toll,Imd,or NF-κB signaling pathways during the immune adjustment period from 12 to 18 h after infection,resulting in failure to initiate the immune responsiveness peak at 24 h after infection.This may be related to inhibited silkworm fat body energy metabolism.These results demonstrated the dynamic regulation of circadian clock on silkworm immune response to bacterial infection and provided important insights into hostantimicrobial defensemechanisms.