Design of S-band photoinjector with high bunch charge and low emittance based on multi-objective genetic algorithm

High-brightness electron beams are required to drive LINAC-based free-electron lasers(FELs)and storage-ring-based synchrotron radiation light sources.The bunch charge and RMS bunch length at the exit of the LINAC play a crucial role in the peak current;the minimum transverse emittance is mainly determined by the injector of the LINAC.Thus,a photoin-jector with a high bunch charge and low emittance that can simultaneously provide high-quality beams for 4th generation synchrotron radiation sources and FELs is desirable.The design of a 1.6-cell S-band 2998-MHz RF gun and beam dynamics optimization of a relevant beamline are presented in this paper.Beam dynamics simulations were performed by combining ASTRA and the multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA II.The effects of the laser pulse shape,half-cell length of the RF gun,and RF parameters on the output beam quality were analyzed and compared.The normalized transverse emittance was optimized to be as low as 0.65 and 0.92 mm·mrad when the bunch charge was as high as 1 and 2 nC,respectively.Finally,the beam stability properties of the photoinjector,considering misalignment and RF jitter,were simulated and analyzed.

Treatment and prevention of diabetes complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine

Today’s social economy and science and technology levels are developing rapidly.Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is increasing in incidence,and T2DM promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)through some mechanisms.The pathogenesis of T2DM and NAFLD is interconnected,interacted with,and promoted.While increasing the economic burden on patients,it also affects the quality and life of patients themselves.In the world,the current treatment methods include exercise and diet control,drugs(including sugar reduction,lipid-lowering drugs,etc.),weight loss surgery,etc.,but currently,researching drugs can only control the progress of the disease.At present,there is no drug for T2DM combined with NAFLD treatment.Therefore,it is necessary to find and study effective drugs for NAFLD.Based on the principle of“syndrome differentiation,”traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)played an important role in treating this disease.The theory of TCM believes that the cause of NAFLD is mostly diet disorders and imbalances in daily life,leading to liver Qi stagnation,spleen dysfunction,and liver and kidney deficiency,producing phlegm and stasis.During the treatment process,we must pay attention to the goal of phlegm turbidity,but also pay attention to the source of phlegm turbidity,strengthen the spleen and stomach,nourish the liver and kidney,and restore the physiological function of the body.The ingredients of Chinese medicine extracts have the effects of antagonist oxidation stress,protecting liver cells,improving fibrous soluble systems,and promoting lipid metabolism,thereby reducing inflammatory factors to release damage to liver cells.By combining the diagnosis of TCM syndromes with Western medical disease diagnosis,the model of disease diagnosis combined with syndrome differentiation can compensate for some of the limitations of TCM’s sole reliance on syndrome differentiation,allowing for a better grasp of the disease.In treatment,a dual approach using traditional Chinese and Western medicine can enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity,leveraging both complementary strengths.Chinese medicine explains its treatment of NAFLD from a macro and micro level,providing a safer and more effective method for treating the disease.

Pachymic Acid Ameliorates Pulmonary Hypertension by Regulating Nrf2-Keap1-ARE Pathway

Objective:Pulmonary hypertension(PH)is a severe pulmonary vascular disease that eventually leads to right ventricular failure and death.The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which pachymic acid(PA)pretreatment affects PH and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats.Methods:PH was induced via hypoxia exposure and administration of PA(5 mg/kg per day)in male Sprague-Dawley rats.Hemodynamic parameters were measured using a right ventricular floating catheter and pulmonary vascular morphometry was measured by hematoxylin-eosin(HE),a-SMA and Masson staining.MTT assays and EdU staining were used to detect cell proliferation,and apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining.Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of proteins related to the Nrf2-Keapl-ARE pathway.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Decreases Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Neurogenesis and angiogenesis can improve the neurologic function after intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH).Leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF)plays an important role in neurogenesis and angiogenesis.In this study,a rat model of autologous blood-induced ICH was used to evaluate the effect of LIF on the neurogenesis and angiogenesis following ICH.After ICH,LIF-positive neurons and dilated vessels were detected in the peri-hematomal region.It was found that LIF levels increased significantly and peaked 14 days after ICH induction.Double immunofluorescence confirmed that LIF was expressed in neurons and endothelial cells.ICH also led to increases of doublecortin(DCX)-and von Willebrand factor(vWF)-positive cells as well as proliferation of cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)+/DCX+and PCNA+/vWF+nuclei.All these ICH-induced increases were significantly attenuated by exogenous LIF in fusion.These data suggested that LIF was a negative regulator of neurogenesis and angiogenesis after ICH.

Liquefaction structures induced by the M5.7 earthquake on May 28, 2018 in Songyuan, Jilin Province, NE China and research implication

An earthquake of magnitude M5.7 occurred in Yamutu village,Songyuan City,Jilin Province,NE China(45°16′12″N/124°42′35″E)on May 28,2018,with a focal depth of 13 km.The epicenter is located at the intersection of the Fuyu/Songyuan-Zhaodong Fault,Second Songhua River Fault and Fuyu North Fault which lies northwest of TanchengLujiang Fault(Tan-Lu Fault).The earthquake-induced widespread liquefaction structures and ground surface fissures within 3 km from the epicenter,caused serious disasters to the local surroundings.The visible liquefied structures include sand volcanoes,liquefied sand mounds,sand dikes and sand sills.Sand volcanoes can be divided into sand volcano with a crater,sand volcano without a crater and water volcano(no sand).Other soft-sediment deformation structures(SSDS)induced by the earthquake include deformation lamination,load and flame structures,deformation folds,dish structures,convolute bedding and water-escape structures.The formation process of the sand volcanoes comprises three stages:(1)building up excess pore-fluid pressure in the liquefied layer,(2)cracking of the low-permeable overlying layer,and(3)mixture of sand-water venting out of the ground surface.During the upward movement,the liquefied sand is injected into the low-permeable layer to form sand veins,sand sills and various types of deformation structures.Vertical distribution of seismic liquefaction structure can be divided into four zones:the thoroughly liquefied zone,the lower liquefied zone with SSDS,the upper liquefied zone with SSDS,and the ground surface liquefied zone.The liquefaction occurred at a burial depth of 2–5 m,and the thickness of liquefied sand is 2 m.NE-SW(35°–215°)trending compressive stress is possibly the seismogenic trigger of the Songyuan M5.7 earthquake that caused the fault(Fuyu/Songyuan-Zhaodong Fault)to reactivate.The study of the Songyuan seismic liquefaction structures gives insight into the prediction of modern earthquakes and disasterprone areas.Meanwhile it provides abundant basic material for studying earthquake-induced SSDS in both ancient and modern sediments.The research is obviously of great significance to reveal that the northern Tan-Lu Fault has entered a stage of active seismic activity since the twenty-first century.

Bioturbation enhanced petrophysical properties in the Ordovician carbonate reservoir of the Tahe oilfield,Tarim Basin,NW China

Bioturbation plays an important role in enhancing the reservoir capacity of tight reservoirs.This study aims to understand the alteration mechanism and effects of bioturbation on oil and gas reservoirs,to clarify the key control factors and constraints influencing the production of bioturbation.The petrophysical characteristics of bioturbation and host sediments in carbonate rocks,such as mineral composition,pore spaces,porosity and permeability,were studied based on the detailed observation and description of the Ordovician cores from the Tahe oilfield.The effect of bioturbation on petrophysical properties of carbonate rocks were carefully analyzed.The results show:(1)Two types of bioturbation,Thalassinoides-like burrows and Planolites-like burrows,mainly occur in the Ordovician cores of the Tahe oilfield,ranging from the Lower-Middle Ordovician Yingshan Formation to the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation.The burrow-fills are mainly composed of dolomite with subhedral and euhedral crystals.The host sediments mainly consist of micrite.(2)The pores in the host sediments are poorly developed and are incapable of forming effective reservoir spaces.However,well-developed intercrystalline pores among dolomites and microfractures in bioturbated sediments with better connectivity can form effective pore spaces.The results of porosity and permeability show that the host sediments without bioturbation are characterized by poor porosity and permeability.However,with the increase of bioturbation intensity,the porosity of the bioturbated sediments firstly increases and then decreases,whereas the permeability increases all the time.(3)Multiple burrows overprinted in the Ordovician carbonate rocks,forming a large-scale bioturbated carbonate rocks with lateral continuity and vertical connectivity,due to the suitable sedimentary setting,ecological conditions,favorable spatiotemporal sediment matching,and abundant organism-substrate interaction.Subsequently,diagenesis(particularly dolomitization and dissolution)has played a positive role in altering the rock fabric and improving the petrophysical properties of bioturbated carbonates.