Centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is sited in the central part of the liver and adjacent to main hepatic vascular structures.This special location is associated with an increase in the difficulty of surge...Centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is sited in the central part of the liver and adjacent to main hepatic vascular structures.This special location is associated with an increase in the difficulty of surgery,aggregation of the recurrence disease,and greater challenge in disease management.This review summarizes the evolution of our understanding for centrally located HCC and discusses the development of treatment strategies,surgical approaches and recurrence prevention methods.To improve patient survival,a multi-disciplinary modality is greatly needed throughout the whole treatment period.展开更多
After two decades of unchanged paradigms,the treatment strategies for advanced urothelial bladder cancer have been revolutionized by emerging programmed death ligand-1(PD-Ll)/programmed death-1(PD1)inhibition therapy....After two decades of unchanged paradigms,the treatment strategies for advanced urothelial bladder cancer have been revolutionized by emerging programmed death ligand-1(PD-Ll)/programmed death-1(PD1)inhibition therapy.Increased evidence is demonstrating the efficacy of PD-L1/PD1 inhibition therapy in both second-line and first-line settings.However,the percentage of patients who benefit from anti-PD-Ll/anti-PDl therapy is still low.Many questions have been raised in the development of biomarkerdriven approaches for disease classification and patient selection.In this perspective,we discuss PD-L1/PD1 expression in urothelial bladder carcinoma,review approved anti-PD-Ll/anti-PDl agents for bladder cancer treatment and current ongoing studies investigating combination treatment strategies,and explore PD-L1 expression status for the evaluation of bladder cancer immunotherapy.展开更多
文摘Centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is sited in the central part of the liver and adjacent to main hepatic vascular structures.This special location is associated with an increase in the difficulty of surgery,aggregation of the recurrence disease,and greater challenge in disease management.This review summarizes the evolution of our understanding for centrally located HCC and discusses the development of treatment strategies,surgical approaches and recurrence prevention methods.To improve patient survival,a multi-disciplinary modality is greatly needed throughout the whole treatment period.
文摘After two decades of unchanged paradigms,the treatment strategies for advanced urothelial bladder cancer have been revolutionized by emerging programmed death ligand-1(PD-Ll)/programmed death-1(PD1)inhibition therapy.Increased evidence is demonstrating the efficacy of PD-L1/PD1 inhibition therapy in both second-line and first-line settings.However,the percentage of patients who benefit from anti-PD-Ll/anti-PDl therapy is still low.Many questions have been raised in the development of biomarkerdriven approaches for disease classification and patient selection.In this perspective,we discuss PD-L1/PD1 expression in urothelial bladder carcinoma,review approved anti-PD-Ll/anti-PDl agents for bladder cancer treatment and current ongoing studies investigating combination treatment strategies,and explore PD-L1 expression status for the evaluation of bladder cancer immunotherapy.
