Review of the characteristics and graded utilisation of coal gasification slag

The characteristics of the energy structure of rich coal,less oil and less gas,coupling with a high external dependence on oil and natural gas and the emphasis on the efficient and clean utilisation of coal,have brought opportunities for coal chemical industry.However,with the large-scale popularisation of coal gasification technology,the production and resulting storage of coal gasification slag continue to increase,which not only result in serious environmental pollution and a waste of terrestrial resources,but also seriously affect the sustainable development of coal chemical enterprises.Hence,the treatment of coal gasification slag is extremely important.In this paper,the production,composition,morphology,particle size structure and water holding characteristics of coal gasification slag are introduced,and the methods of carbon ash separation of gasification slag,both domestically and abroad,are summarised.In addition,the paper also summarises the research progress on gasification slag in building materials,ecological restoration,residual carbon utilisation and other high-value utilisation,and ultimately puts forward the idea of the comprehensive utilisation of gasification slag.For large-scale consumption to solve the environmental problems of enterprises and achieve high-value utilisation to increase the economic benefits of enterprises,it is urgent to zealously design a reasonable and comprehensive utilisation technologies with simple operational processes,strong adaptability and economic benefits.

Phenotypic plasticity in response to soil moisture availability in the clonal plant Eremosparton songoricum (Litv.) Vass.

Eremosparton songoricum （Litv.） Vass is a dwarf clonal shrubby legume developed on the windward slopes of mobile or semi-fixed sand dunes of Central Asia. It is assumed that E. songoricum must possess a high degree of phenotypic plasticity for such a heterogeneous habitat. The variations of E. songoricum plants growing in two typical microhabitats （the upper slope and the lower slope of semi-mobile dune） were investigated. The morphological characteristics and the biomass allocation patterns were measured and compared at the clonal fragment level. Compared with the clonal fragment on the lower slope of dune, the clonal fragment on the upper slope of the dune （a） declined in total biomass and ramet height, （b） increased the length of rhizomes and the number of roots, （c） increased the degree of asym- metry, and （d） heightened allocation to the belowground biomass. Our results confirmed the hypothesis of high phenotypic adjustment capacity of E. songoricum to habitat moisture availability. Phenotypic plasticity of E. songoricum contributed to reduce the damage risk, led to an environmentally induced specialization in function of resources exploitation, resulted in its persistence in heterogeneous environments and was adaptive in sand dune environment.

Limitations on the recruitment of the rare sand shrubby legume Eremosparton songoricum(Fabaceae) in Gurbantunggut Desert,China

Eremosparton songoricum,a rare and endemic sand dune plant,appears to be experiencing recruitment failure.The structure of five populations from the Gurbantunggut Desert,China,was investigated for recruitment patterns,and two of them were examined for flowering,pollination and seed germination limits on regeneration.The results showed that total 150 seedlings only occurred on line transects in riverside Dure population,but they all died half a month later;no seedlings occurred in other four hinterland desert populations indicating recruitment was a failure at all populations although flowers were plentiful.Reproductive success depends on pollinators.Nectar is ＇reward＇ for pollinators,with 0.06 μL-0.12 μL and 0.15 μL-0.35 μL per flower in Dure and Kabu populations,respectively,in continuously two secreting days.Spontaneous self pollination is rare with nearly zero fruit production.Geitonogamous self pollination is predominant with 14.47% fruit set.Seed mass in the riverside Dure population was significantly greater than that in other hinterland desert populations.Consequently,the Dure population exhibited a significantly higher germination rate（about 90%） than those in other populations（about 30%）.Results suggested that recruitment failure of E.songoricum is not due to flower shortage,pollination limitation,or poor seed germination but environmental pressure and/or human disturbance.

The influence of genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolism enzymes and transporters on the pharmacokinetics of different fluvastatin formulations

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the impact of genetic polymorphism on fluvastatin pharmacokinetics.In addition,we compared the fluvastatin pharmacokinetics differences between extended-release(ER)80 mg tablet and immediate-release(IR)40 mg capsule in terms of drug metabolism enzyme and transporter genetic polymorphisms.In this open-label,randomized,two-period,two-treatment,crossover study(n=24),effects of ABCG2,SLCO1B1,ABCB1,CYP2C9 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin were analyzed.The administration dosage for IR 40 mg and ER 80 mg were twice and once daily,respectively,for total 7 d.Blood samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation were taken on the 1st and 7th d.The lower exposure following ER was observed.For ER tablets,SLCO1B1 T521C genotype correlated with AUC 0-24 of repeat doses(P=0.010).SLCO1B1 T521C genotype had no statistically significant effect on AUC 0-24 of IR capsule of fluvastatin after single or repeated doses.In vitro study demonstrated that when the concentration of fluvastatin was low(<1μmol/l),the uptake of fluvastatin in the HEK293-OATP1B1 with SLCO1B1521TT(K m=0.18μmol/l)was faster than that with SLCO1B1521CC(K m=0.49μmol/l),On the other hand,when concentration reached to higher level(>1μmol/l),transport velocity of fluvastatin by HEK293-OATP1B1 with SLCO1B1521TT(K m=11.4μmol/l)and with SLCO1B1521TCC(K m=15.1μmol/l)tend to be the same.It suggests that the increased effect of SLCO1B1 T521C genotype on ER formulation of fluvastatin was mainly caused by lower blood concentrations.We recommend that formulation should be incorporated into future pharmacogenomics studies.

Breeding system and its consequence on fruit set of a rare sand dune shrub Eremosparton songoricum(Fabaceae:Papilionoideae):implications for conservation

The breeding system and its consequence on fruit set of Eremosparton songoricum（Litv.） Vass.,a rare shrubby legume occurring in moving or semi-fixed sand dunes of Central Asian deserts,were examined by manipulative experiments and observational studies in natural populations during the period of 2007-2009.The results showed that E.songoricum exhibits a mixed mating system.It is self-compatible,but depends strictly on pollinators to set fruits.Only two effective pollinators were detected and they triggered the specialized pollination mechanism（a ＇brush type＇ and ＇tripping mechanism＇）.Geitonogamy becomes predominant in natural populations,because（74.5±1.3）% of visiting activity happened within or between inflorescences and（24.3±1.4）% occurred between ramets.As a result,inbreeding depression caused by geitonogamous selfing inevitably happened under natural conditions,showing 2.36 times less fruit set than was achieved by hand cross-pollination.The results explained the rarity of the species due to its breeding system,and will assist to develop suitable conservation strategies in severe desert environments.

Regulation of hydrogen evolution performance of titanium oxide-carbon composites at high current density with a Ti-O hybrid orbital

Rational design and controllable synthesis of practical electrodes with high sta bility and activity at high current density for a hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)are critical for renewable and sustainable energy conversion.However,high-performance TiO_(2)-based electrocatalysts for HER are quite limited,and the cat alytic active centers still remain elusive.Herein,a simple strategy is demonstrated for the synthesis of TiO_(2)-carbon composite(TiO_(2)/C)with high HER performance and stability.The remarkable HER performance of TiO_(2)/C can be ascribed to the doping of carbon atoms,which leads to stronger hybridization of Ti 3d and O 2p orbitals,thus substantially improving the electrocatalytic efficiency.This study elucidates that the hydrogen evolution activity of oxide electrocatalysts can be largely improved by regulating their electronic structures by doping carbon atoms and also provides an effective strategy for designing heterostructured electro catalysts with high catalytic activity and stability at high current density for HER.

马尾松松针提取物对人毛乳头细胞的保护作用及机制研究

研究了马尾松松针提取物对人毛乳头细胞(Human dermal papilla cells,HDP)的保护作用及机制。通过制备并分析不同溶剂松针提取物中主要活性成分含量;建立二氢睾酮(Dihydrotestosterone,DHT)诱导HDP细胞损伤模型,采用CCK8法检测细胞相对活力,qPCR检测细胞中血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、转化生长因子-β2(Transforming growth factor-β2,TGF-β2)、β-连环蛋白(β-Catenin)和蓬乱蛋白1(Dishevelled 1,DVL1)基因相对表达量,探究松针提取物对Wnt/β-Catenin信号通路的影响;最后采用UPLC-QTOF/MS分析鉴定提取物成分。结果表明,松针50%醇提物可显著提高HDP细胞相对活力,最高达88.3%(P<0.05);显著提高VEGF mRNA表达量(P<0.05),降低TGF-β2 mRNA相对表达量(P<0.01);并显著促进Wnt/β-Catenin信号中DVL1 mRNA和β-Catenin mRNA表达(P<0.05,P<0.01)。从松针50%醇提物中共鉴定出36种成分,包括黄酮类、木脂素类、生物碱和萜类等化合物。马尾松松针提取物对人毛乳头细胞具有保护作用,其机制可能与Wnt/β-Catenin信号传导途径有关。

Explaining the Multiwavelength Emission of Hard-Te V BL Lac Objects Using a Truncated Conical Jet Model

Hard-Te V BL Lac objects are newly identified populations of active galactic nuclei with the emittedγ-ray photons well above Te V energies.In this paper,we explain the multiwavelength emission of six Hard-Te V BL Lac objects by using a truncated conical emission region of the jet,where the electron distribution is obtained by numerically solving the evolution equation along the jet self-consistently.For comparison,we also apply the model to Mrk 421and Mrk 501,which are the potential candidates for the hard Te V emissions.We demonstrate that the model can satisfactorily reproduce the spectral energy distributions of eight sources,particularly of six Hard-Te V sources,where no extreme minimum Lorentz factor of the electron population is required.In contrast with Mrk 421 and Mrk 501,six Hard-Te V sources have rather low magnetization in emitting regions and high cutoff energies of the electron distributions.

The Importance of Environmental English Public Signs to Xiong’an New Area’s Ecological Environment in China

With the establishment and development of Xiong’an New Area in China, more foreign industries and visitors will be attracted to come here. Investigations made in our study show that the environmental English public signs are very important. They can offer directions for foreigners who can’t understand Chinese well because they have these three functions: indication, suggestion and prohibition. In order to help Xiong’an New Area play its “eco card”, the translators are supposed to attach great importance to the translation of environmental English public signs.

Circulating biomarker-and magnetic resonance-based nomogram predicting long-term outcomes in dilated cardiomyopathy

Background:Dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM)has a high mortality rate and is the most common indication for heart transplantation.Our study sought to develop a multiparametric nomogram to assess individualized all-cause mortality or heart transplantation(ACM/HTx)risk in DCM patients.Methods:The present study is a retrospective cohort study.The demographic,clinical,blood test,and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging(CMRI)data of DCM patients in the tertiary center(Fuwai Hospital)were collected.The primary endpoint was ACM/HTx.The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)Cox regression model was applied for variable selection.Multivariable Cox regression was used to develop a nomogram.The concordance index(C-index),area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),calibration curve,and decision curve analysis(DCA)were used to evaluate the performance of the nomogram.Results:A total of 218 patients were included in the present study.They were randomly divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort.The nomogram was established based on eight variables,including mid-wall late gadolinium enhancement,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,left ventricular ejection fraction,left ventricular end-diastolic diameter,left ventricular end-diastolic volume index,free triiodothyronine,and N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide.The AUCs regarding 1-year,3-year,and 5-year ACM/HTx events were 0.859,0.831,and 0.840 in the training cohort and 0.770,0.789,and 0.819 in the validation cohort,respectively.The calibration curve and DCA showed good accuracy and clinical utility of the nomogram.Conclusions:We established and validated a circulating biomarker-and CMRI-based nomogram that could provide a personalized prediction of ACM/HTx for DCM patients,which might help risk stratification and decision-making in clinical practice.

Controllable construction of ionic frameworks for multi-site synergetic enhancement of CO_(2) capture

CO_(2) capture is one of the key technologies for dealing with the global warming and implementing lowcarbon development strategy.The emergence of ionic metal-organic frameworks(I-MOFs)has diversified the field of porous materials,which have been extensively applied for gas adsorption and separation.In this work,amino-functionalized imidazolium ionic liquid as organic monodentate ligand was used for one step synthesis microporous Cu based I-MOFs.Precise tuning of the adsorption properties was obtained by incorporating aromatic anions,such as phenoxy,benzene carboxyl,and benzene sulfonic acid group into the I-MOFs via a facile ion exchange method.The new I-MOFs showed high thermal stability and high capacity of 5.4 mmol·g^(-1) under atmospheric conditions for selective adsorption of CO_(2).The active sites of microporous Cu-MOF are the ion basic center and unsaturated metal,and electrostatic attraction and hydroxyl bonding between CO_(2) and modified functional sulfonic groups are responsible for the adsorption.This work provides a feasible strategy for the design of I-MOF for functional gas capture.

Inhibition of Defect-Induced Ice Nucleation, Propagation, and Adhesion by Bioinspired Self-Healing Anti-Icing Coatings

Anti-icing coatings on outdoor infrastructures inevitably suffer from mechanical injuries in numerous icing scenarios such as hailstorms,sandstorms,impacts of foreign objects,and icing–deicing cycles.Herein,the mechanisms of surface-defect-induced icing are clarified.At the defects,water molecules exhibit stronger adsorption and the heat transfer rate increases,accelerating the condensation of water vapor as well as ice nucleation and propagation.Moreover,the ice–defect interlocking structure increases the ice adhesion strength.Thus,a self-healing(at−20℃)antifreeze-protein(AFP)-inspired anti-icing coating is developed.The coating is based on a design that mimics the ice-binding and non-ice-binding sites in AFPs.It enables the coating to markedly inhibit ice nucleation(nucleation temperature<−29.4℃),prevent ice propagation(propagation rate<0.00048 cm^(2)/s),and reduce ice adhesion on the surface(adhesion strength<38.9 kPa).More importantly,the coating can also autonomously self-heal at−20℃,as a result of multiple dynamic bonds in its structure,to inhibit defect-induced icing processes.The healed coating sustains high anti-icing and deicing performance even under various extreme conditions.This work reveals the in-depth mechanism of defect-induced ice formation as well as adhesion,and proposes a self-healing anti-icing coating for outdoor infrastructures.

基于层次分析法的旗舰物种遴选方法

旗舰物种是保护生物学中一个广泛应用的概念,用于获得公众对保护行为的支持,在生物多样性保护领域发挥着重要作用。但目前尚未见量化分析遴选和确定旗舰物种的公开报道,致使学术界对旗舰物种的定义和使用相对主观,缺乏科学依据。本文对旗舰物种的定义进行了梳理,探讨了旗舰物种的内涵,确定了旗舰物种的属性,制定了遴选标准和量化遴选方法,以便读者更好地理解和运用这一概念。目前旗舰物种的定义仍然局限在其社会学属性,作者建议今后应加强其生物生态学属性。作者认为除了公众的关注度和认可度之外,旗舰物种还应具备以下3个生态生物学和社会文化特征:(1)物种在当地的濒危程度及生存现状;(2)物种在当地生态系统中的重要性;(3)物种在当地民众中的影响力和认可度。基于此,本文确定了表征旗舰物种社会文化属性和生态生物学属性的8个要素,基于层次分析法提出了一种量化的旗舰物种遴选方法。该方法综合上述8个要素进行评判和计算分值,以塔吉克斯坦境内分布的14种大型濒危哺乳动物的生态生物学属性和社会文化影响力为基础,描述基于层次分析法遴选塔吉克斯坦哺乳类旗舰物种的方法和过程,最终依据每个备选物种所得分值高低排序,得到塔吉克斯坦旗舰物种的优先备选物种。本文首次提出了一种量化遴选旗舰物种的方法,期望今后可基于该方法开发更加合理的旗舰物种遴选模型和算法。

宽带建设对农户创业的影响研究——基于“宽带乡村”建设的准自然实验

中国在宽带建设方面进行了大量投资,对这些投资的经济收益亟须进一步的研究。本文采用中国家庭金融调查2013年和2015年的追踪样本数据,使用双重差分(DID)模型,发现宽带建设使农村家庭创业概率显著上升了4.8个百分点。与相关理论分析一致,本文发现宽带建设显著促进了批发零售方面的创业。此外,本文还发现宽带建设对创业的促进作用显著高于同期道路建设。本文借助了中国"宽带乡村"试点工程所带来的政策冲击进行因果识别。

γ-Al_(2)O_(3)基催化剂上高炉煤气COS的水解活性研究

高炉煤气脱硫是实现钢铁行业多工序全流程超低排放的关键。高炉煤气中主要含硫组分是羰基硫(COS),常用γ-Al_(2)O_(3)基催化剂水解脱除,但是其水解活性及抗氧能力有待提高。本工作采用浸渍法制备了添加Fe和La活性组分的催化剂,通过ICP,XRD和TPD等手段表征了催化剂的理化性质,并在固定床-气相色谱联用装置考察了空速、粒径对催化剂催化水解COS过程的扩散效应,研究了催化剂的理化性质与COS水解活性的构效关系以及O_(2)的作用机制。结果表明,催化剂在80℃,160000h^(-1)条件下,活性组分Fe和La的添加可明显提高γ-Al_(2)O_(3)基催化剂的碱性位点;同时,丰富的孔隙结构降低了内扩散阻力,增强了H_(2)S从催化剂表面到气相的传质。Fe/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂在保持较高的水解活性的同时能够协同脱除H_(2)S,但是O_(2)的存在增强了H_(2)S的吸附及其与Fe的硫化反应;而La/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂的COS水解活性及稳定性较好,活性组分La可明显提高H_(2)S从催化剂表面到气相的脱附,进而提高抗氧中毒能力。

Recent progress in drug delivery

Drug delivery systems(DDS)are defined as methods by which drugs are delivered to desired tissues,organs,cells and subcellular organs for drug release and absorption through a variety of drug carriers.Its usual purpose to improve the pharmacological activities of therapeutic drugs and to overcome problems such as limited solubility,drug aggregation,low bioavailability,poor biodistribution,lack of selectivity,or to reduce the side effects of therapeutic drugs.During 2015-2018,significant progress in the research on drug delivery systems has been achieved along with advances in related fields,such as pharmaceutical sciences,material sciences and biomedical sciences.This review provides a conciseoverview of current progress in this research area through its focus on the delivery strategies,construction techniques and specific examples.It is a valuable reference for pharmaceutical scientists who want to learn more about the design of drug delivery systems.

Protective effects of orally administered honokiol on cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats and on stroke in SHRsp

Honokiol is a protective agent for cerebral ischemia injury when administered intravenously. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the oral effect of honokiol microemulsion on cerebral isehemia-reperfusion （I-R） injury in rats and stroke in SHRsp. Both tMCAO and SHRsp models in rats were used to evaluate the efficacy of the microemulsion. Rat aortic segment contraction test, primary rat aortic endothelial cells and primary brain microvascular endothelial cells （BMECs） injured by OGD-R were used to explore its potential action mechanism. Oral honokiol microemulsion significantly reduced infarct volume, neurological score and brain water content in tMCAO model, and it evidently reduced neurological score and increased the survival rate of SHRsp. Moreover, honokiol significantly inhibited aortic contraction induced by KC1 and phenylephrine, and L-NAME suppressed these inhibitory effects. On the other side, honokiol increased NO and p-eNOS levels in rat endothelial cells. In addition, it also protects BMECs against OGD-R injury and increased eNOS expression in BMECs. In conclusion, oral honokiol administration has protective effects in tMCAO and in SHRsp rats, and its action mechanism is likely to be associated with its vasodilative effect produced by eNOS activation and with its protective effect on BMECs.

High-entropy(Y_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Dy_(0.2)Er_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))2Hf_(2)O_(7) ceramic: A promising thermal barrier coating material

Thermal barrier coating(TBC)materials perform an increasingly important role in the thermal or chemical protection of hot components in a gas turbine.In this study,a novel high entropy hafnate(Y_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Dy_(0.2)Er_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))_(2)Hf_(2)O_(7) was synthesized by solution combustion method and investigated as a potential TBC layer.The as-synthesized(Y_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Dy_(0.2)Er_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))_(2)Hf_(2)O_(7) possesses a pure single disordered fluorite phase with a highly homogeneous distribution of rare earth(RE)cations,exhibiting prominent phase stability and excellent chemical compatibility with Al_(2)O_(3) even at 1300°C.Moreover,(Y_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Dy_(0.2)Er_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))_(2)Hf_(2)O_(7) demonstrates a more sluggish grain growth rate than Y_(2)Hf_(2)O_(7).The thermal conductivity of(Y_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Dy_(0.2)Er_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))_(2)Hf_(2)O_(7)(0.73-0.93 W m^(-1)K^(-1))is smaller than those of components RE_(2)Hf_(2)O_(7) and many high entropy TBC materials.Beside,the calculated thermal expansion coefficient(TEC)of(Y_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Dy_(0.2)Er_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))_(2)Hf_(2)O_(7)(10.68×10^(-6)/K,1100°C)is smaller than that of yttriastabilized zirconia(YSZ).Based on the results of this work,(Y_(0.2)Gd_(0.2)Dy_(0.2)Er_(0.2)Yb_(0.2))_(2)Hf_(2)O_(7) is suitable for the next generation TBC materials with outstanding properties.

A review of existing strategies for designing long-acting parenteral formulations: Focus on underlying mechanisms, and future perspectives

The need for long-term treatments of chronic diseases has motivated the widespread development of long-acting parenteral formulations(LAPFs)with the aim of improving drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy.LAPFs have been proven to extend the half-life of therapeutics,as well as to improve patient adherence;consequently,this enhances the outcome of therapy positively.Over past decades,considerable progress has been made in designing effective LAPFs in both preclinical and clinical settings.Here we review the latest advances of LAPFs in preclinical and clinical stages,focusing on the strategies and underlying mechanisms for achieving long acting.Existing strategies are classified into manipulation of in vivo clearance and manipulation of drug release from delivery systems,respectively.And the current challenges and prospects of each strategy are discussed.In addition,we also briefly discuss the design principles of LAPFs and provide future perspectives of the rational design of more effective LAPFs for their further clinical translation.

Treatment of cervical cancer by si RNA-loaded chitosan-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticles

In the present study, a chitosan-coated calcium phosphate nanoparticle（CS/CaP/siRNA NP） was developed to deliver si RNA for treatment of cervical cancer. The CS/CaP/siRNA NPs were prepared by the nano-precipitation method. The resulted NPs had a uniform spherical morphology with a size of ～194 nm and a zeta potential of ～＋27 mV. In vitro experiments demonstrated that these NPs could efficiently deliver si EGFR into Hela cells and significantly down-regulate the EGFR expression level, which was probably associated with enhanced cell adhesion of chitosan, leading to extended residence time of cell internalization. Then the internalized CS/CaP/siRNA NPs exhibited pH-responsive disassembly of NPs, resulting in the enhanced release of si RNA and rapid lysosomal escape into cytoplasm. Moreover, in vivo anticancer results showed that the CS/CaP/siRNA NPs had significant inhibitory effects on tumor growth after intratumoral injection in Hela tumor xenografted nude mice, accompanying with no obvious changes of body weight during the whole experimental period. All these results indicated that the CS/CaP/siRNA NPs would have great potential to deliver si RNA for the treatment of cervical cancer via mucosal administration.