This paper describes a strategy for merging daily precipitation information from gauge observations, satellite estimates （SEs）, and numerical predictions at the global scale. The strategy is designed to remove syste...This paper describes a strategy for merging daily precipitation information from gauge observations, satellite estimates （SEs）, and numerical predictions at the global scale. The strategy is designed to remove systemic bias and random error from each individual daily precipitation source to produce a better gridded global daily precipitation product through three steps. First, a cumulative distribution function matching procedure is performed to remove systemic bias over gauge-located land areas. Then, the overall biases in SEs and model predictions （MPs） over ocean areas are corrected using a rescaled strategy based on monthly precipitation. Third, an optimal interpolation （OI）-based merging scheme （referred as the HL-OI scheme） is used to combine unbiased gahge observations, SEs, and MPs to reduce random error from each source and to produce a gauge--satellite-model merged daily precipitation analysis, called BMEP-d （Beijing Climate Center Merged Estimation of Precipitation with daily resolution）, with complete global coverage. The BMEP-d data from a four-year period （2011- 14） demonstrate the ability of the merging strategy to provide global daily precipitation of substantially improved quality. Benefiting from the advantages of the HL-OI scheme for quantitative error estimates, the better source data can obtain more weights during the merging processes. The BMEP-d data exhibit higher consistency with satellite and gauge source data at middle and low latitudes, and with model source data at high latitudes. Overall, independent validations against GPCP-1DD （GPCP one-degree daily） show that the consistencies between B MEP-d and GPCP-1DD are higher than those of each source dataset in terms of spatial pattern, temporal variability, probability distribution, and statistical precipitation events.展开更多
Objective:The proportion of patients with stageⅠlung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)has dramatically increased with the prevalence of low-dose computed tomography use for screening.Up to 30%of patients with stageⅠLUAD experien...Objective:The proportion of patients with stageⅠlung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)has dramatically increased with the prevalence of low-dose computed tomography use for screening.Up to 30%of patients with stageⅠLUAD experience recurrence within 5 years after curative surgery.A robust risk stratification tool is urgently needed to identify patients who might benefit from adjuvant treatment.Methods:In this first investigation of the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and recurrence in stageⅠLUAD,we developed a recurrence-associated metabolic signature(RAMS).This RAMS was based on metabolism-associated genes to predict cancer relapse and overall prognoses of patients with stageⅠLUAD.The clinical significance and immune landscapes of the signature were comprehensively analyzed.Results:Based on a gene expression profile from the GSE31210 database,functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant difference in metabolic reprogramming that distinguished patients with stageⅠLUAD with relapse from those without relapse.We then identified a metabolic signature(i.e.,RAMS)represented by 2 genes(ACADM and RPS8)significantly related to recurrence-free survival and overall survival times of patients with stageⅠLUAD using transcriptome data analysis of a training set.The training set was well validated in a test set.The discriminatory power of the 2 gene metabolic signature was further validated using protein values in an additional independent cohort.The results indicated a clear association between a high risk score and a very poor patient prognosis.Stratification analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the RAMS was an independent prognostic factor.We also found that the risk score was positively correlated with inflammatory response,the antigen-presenting process,and the expression levels of many immunosuppressive checkpoint molecules(e.g.,PD-L1,PD-L2,B7-H3,galectin-9,and FGL-1).These results suggested that high risk patients had immune response suppression.Further analysis revealed that anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy did not have significant benefits for high risk patients.However,the patients could respond better to chemotherapy.Conclusions:This study is the first to highlight the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and recurrence in stageⅠLUAD,and is the first to also develop a clinically feasible signature.This signature may be a powerful prognostic tool and help further optimize the cancer therapy paradigm.展开更多
Studies on the reconstruction of global mean temperature series are reviewed by introducing three series, Had- CRUT3, NCDC, and GISS in details. Satellite data have been used since 1982 in NCDC and GISS series. NCDC s...Studies on the reconstruction of global mean temperature series are reviewed by introducing three series, Had- CRUT3, NCDC, and GISS in details. Satellite data have been used since 1982 in NCDC and GISS series. NCDC series has the most complete spatial coverage among the three by using statistic interpolation technique. The weakened global warming in 2000-2009 as revealed in HadCRUT3 data is possibly caused by the lack of data coverage of this dataset over the Arctic. GISS and NCDC series showed much stronger warming trends during the last 10 years （-0.1 ℃ per 10 years）. Three series yielded almost the same warming trend for 1910-2009 （ 0.70-0.75 ℃ per 100 years）.展开更多
Issues related to the pause of global warming in the last decade are reviewed.It is indicated that:(1) The decade of 1999-2008 is still the warmest of the last 30 years,though the global temperature increment is near ...Issues related to the pause of global warming in the last decade are reviewed.It is indicated that:(1) The decade of 1999-2008 is still the warmest of the last 30 years,though the global temperature increment is near zero;(2) Natural factors such as volcanism,solar radiation,ENSO,and thermohaline circulation can have impact on the inter-annual and inter-decadal variability of global mean temperatures.However,it will not mask the global warming trend for a long time;(3) Temperatures of China continue to increase in 1999-2008 with an increment of 0.4-0.5℃per 10 years.展开更多
We report on the optical trapping and orientation of Escherichia coli(E.coli) cells using two tapered fiber probes.With a laser beam at 980 nm wavelength launched into probe I, an E. coli chain consisting of three cel...We report on the optical trapping and orientation of Escherichia coli(E.coli) cells using two tapered fiber probes.With a laser beam at 980 nm wavelength launched into probe I, an E. coli chain consisting of three cells was formed at the tip of probe I. After launching a beam at 980 nm into probe II, the E.coli at the end of the chain was trapped and oriented via the optical torques yielded by two probes. The orientation of the E. coli was controlled by adjusting the laser power of probe II. Experimental results were interpreted by theoretical analysis and numericalsimulations.展开更多
Regional climate models often lack detailed description of ice sheet surface and, as a result, are limited in their capability to provide useful information for Antarctic climate research and field campaigns. In this ...Regional climate models often lack detailed description of ice sheet surface and, as a result, are limited in their capability to provide useful information for Antarctic climate research and field campaigns. In this study, an upgraded scheme of surface physics for Antarctic ice sheet(IST) is developed to improve the surface temperature simulations in Antarctica. Through stand-alone simulations, IST shows advantages over the Noah glacial module, a commonly utilized scheme in the widely used Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. These improvements are mainly attributed to the incorporation of detailed snow physics and optimized surface layer parameterization, which results in better simulations of both the surface albedo in summer and the turbulent sensible heat flux in winter. When coupled with IST instead of Noah,WRF models show improved simulation of surface temperatures throughout the year. The bias and root-meansquare-error of annual mean surface temperatures are reduced from 5.7 and 6.0 to 0.2 and 2.7 K.展开更多
Except for fluorocarbons and silicones,few artificial materials display both water and organic solvent resistance.Herein,we report an artificial hydrocarbonbased supramolecular elastomer that displays unprecedented du...Except for fluorocarbons and silicones,few artificial materials display both water and organic solvent resistance.Herein,we report an artificial hydrocarbonbased supramolecular elastomer that displays unprecedented dual resistance to both water and organic solvents.This elastomer is formed in water with two water soluble components,folic acid(FA)and branched poly(ethylene imine)(b-PEI).The hydrogen bonding between the two components occurs immediately,which further promotes the hydrogen bonding between the FA,yielding folate quartets and theirπ-πstacking.These multiple noncovalent interactions work synergistically,leading to a hydrophobic,transparent,stretchable,healable,notchinsensitive,and recyclable elastomer that resists both water and organic solvents.The elastomer remains intact after storage in high humidity and organic solvents for months.Films generated by stretching the elastomer are very hydrophobic,and the contact angle of water on the elastomer is up to 112.3°.The damaged elastomers also exhibit water-assisted healable behavior.This work discloses a new paradigm of material synthesis that can inspire the fabrication of robust nonfluorocarbon and silicone-based materials with green strategies.展开更多
General strategies leading to scale-span molecular self-assembly are of crucial importance in creating bulk supramolecular materials.Here,we report that under mechanical pressure,caking of the precipitatedmolecular se...General strategies leading to scale-span molecular self-assembly are of crucial importance in creating bulk supramolecular materials.Here,we report that under mechanical pressure,caking of the precipitatedmolecular self-assemblies led to bulk supramolecular films.Massive fabrication of supramolecular films became possible by employing a simple household noodle machine.The film could be endowed to acquire diversified functions by depositing various functional ingredients via coprecipitation.We expect that our current work opens up a new paradigm leading to large-scale functional solid molecular self-assembled materials.展开更多
Human skin moisture is closely related to health and personal care issues.Many creams were developed to claim capable of skin moisturizing.However,people can hardly check their skin moisture status and the moisturizin...Human skin moisture is closely related to health and personal care issues.Many creams were developed to claim capable of skin moisturizing.However,people can hardly check their skin moisture status and the moisturizing effect of various creams conveniently,since currently all the skin moisturizing detection rely on large equipment requiring power supply.Herein,we report a power-supply independent supramolecular film that is able to directly report the moisturizing status of the skin.With the strategy of solid-phase molecular self-assembly(SPMSA),the aqueous precipitates formed by commercially available polyelectrolyte and oppositely charged surfactant would transform into a supramolecular film under a mild mechanical pressure,where the hydrophobic surfactant domains bridged by polyelectrolyte merge into hydrophobic mesophases to reduce interfacial energy.The hydrophobic mesophase will greatly retard water diffusion inside the film,so that a humidity gradient is generated as the film is exposed to a humid environment.The film will bend upward automatically in touch with moisture skin,and the bending degree is proportional to the skin moisture status.Therefore,the film can be used as portable smart power-free skin moisture sensor.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41275076, 41305057, 41175066, 41175086, and 40905046)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 8144046)+1 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2009AA122005 and 2009BAC51B03)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB 951902)
文摘This paper describes a strategy for merging daily precipitation information from gauge observations, satellite estimates （SEs）, and numerical predictions at the global scale. The strategy is designed to remove systemic bias and random error from each individual daily precipitation source to produce a better gridded global daily precipitation product through three steps. First, a cumulative distribution function matching procedure is performed to remove systemic bias over gauge-located land areas. Then, the overall biases in SEs and model predictions （MPs） over ocean areas are corrected using a rescaled strategy based on monthly precipitation. Third, an optimal interpolation （OI）-based merging scheme （referred as the HL-OI scheme） is used to combine unbiased gahge observations, SEs, and MPs to reduce random error from each source and to produce a gauge--satellite-model merged daily precipitation analysis, called BMEP-d （Beijing Climate Center Merged Estimation of Precipitation with daily resolution）, with complete global coverage. The BMEP-d data from a four-year period （2011- 14） demonstrate the ability of the merging strategy to provide global daily precipitation of substantially improved quality. Benefiting from the advantages of the HL-OI scheme for quantitative error estimates, the better source data can obtain more weights during the merging processes. The BMEP-d data exhibit higher consistency with satellite and gauge source data at middle and low latitudes, and with model source data at high latitudes. Overall, independent validations against GPCP-1DD （GPCP one-degree daily） show that the consistencies between B MEP-d and GPCP-1DD are higher than those of each source dataset in terms of spatial pattern, temporal variability, probability distribution, and statistical precipitation events.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81802299 and 81502514)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.3332018070)+3 种基金the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant Nos.2016-I2M-1-001 and 2017-I2M-1-005)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2018YFC1312100 and 2018YFC1312102)the National Key Basic Research Development Plan(Grant No.2018YFC1312105)the Graduate Innovation Funds of Peking Union Medical College(Grant No.2019-1002-06)。
文摘Objective:The proportion of patients with stageⅠlung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)has dramatically increased with the prevalence of low-dose computed tomography use for screening.Up to 30%of patients with stageⅠLUAD experience recurrence within 5 years after curative surgery.A robust risk stratification tool is urgently needed to identify patients who might benefit from adjuvant treatment.Methods:In this first investigation of the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and recurrence in stageⅠLUAD,we developed a recurrence-associated metabolic signature(RAMS).This RAMS was based on metabolism-associated genes to predict cancer relapse and overall prognoses of patients with stageⅠLUAD.The clinical significance and immune landscapes of the signature were comprehensively analyzed.Results:Based on a gene expression profile from the GSE31210 database,functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant difference in metabolic reprogramming that distinguished patients with stageⅠLUAD with relapse from those without relapse.We then identified a metabolic signature(i.e.,RAMS)represented by 2 genes(ACADM and RPS8)significantly related to recurrence-free survival and overall survival times of patients with stageⅠLUAD using transcriptome data analysis of a training set.The training set was well validated in a test set.The discriminatory power of the 2 gene metabolic signature was further validated using protein values in an additional independent cohort.The results indicated a clear association between a high risk score and a very poor patient prognosis.Stratification analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the RAMS was an independent prognostic factor.We also found that the risk score was positively correlated with inflammatory response,the antigen-presenting process,and the expression levels of many immunosuppressive checkpoint molecules(e.g.,PD-L1,PD-L2,B7-H3,galectin-9,and FGL-1).These results suggested that high risk patients had immune response suppression.Further analysis revealed that anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy did not have significant benefits for high risk patients.However,the patients could respond better to chemotherapy.Conclusions:This study is the first to highlight the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and recurrence in stageⅠLUAD,and is the first to also develop a clinically feasible signature.This signature may be a powerful prognostic tool and help further optimize the cancer therapy paradigm.
基金supported by LASG Open Research Program and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No41005035/D0507)
文摘Studies on the reconstruction of global mean temperature series are reviewed by introducing three series, Had- CRUT3, NCDC, and GISS in details. Satellite data have been used since 1982 in NCDC and GISS series. NCDC series has the most complete spatial coverage among the three by using statistic interpolation technique. The weakened global warming in 2000-2009 as revealed in HadCRUT3 data is possibly caused by the lack of data coverage of this dataset over the Arctic. GISS and NCDC series showed much stronger warming trends during the last 10 years （-0.1 ℃ per 10 years）. Three series yielded almost the same warming trend for 1910-2009 （ 0.70-0.75 ℃ per 100 years）.
基金supported by R&D Special Found for Public Welfare Industry (Meteorology) under Grant No. GYHY200706010
文摘Issues related to the pause of global warming in the last decade are reviewed.It is indicated that:(1) The decade of 1999-2008 is still the warmest of the last 30 years,though the global temperature increment is near zero;(2) Natural factors such as volcanism,solar radiation,ENSO,and thermohaline circulation can have impact on the inter-annual and inter-decadal variability of global mean temperatures.However,it will not mask the global warming trend for a long time;(3) Temperatures of China continue to increase in 1999-2008 with an increment of 0.4-0.5℃per 10 years.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2018YFA0606200)Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen of China(SZSM202111001)Wellcome Trust(209734/Z/17/Z)。
基金supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT13042)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61205165)
文摘We report on the optical trapping and orientation of Escherichia coli(E.coli) cells using two tapered fiber probes.With a laser beam at 980 nm wavelength launched into probe I, an E. coli chain consisting of three cells was formed at the tip of probe I. After launching a beam at 980 nm into probe II, the E.coli at the end of the chain was trapped and oriented via the optical torques yielded by two probes. The orientation of the E. coli was controlled by adjusting the laser power of probe II. Experimental results were interpreted by theoretical analysis and numericalsimulations.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CBA01805)the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China (41305054)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (20131089356)
文摘Regional climate models often lack detailed description of ice sheet surface and, as a result, are limited in their capability to provide useful information for Antarctic climate research and field campaigns. In this study, an upgraded scheme of surface physics for Antarctic ice sheet(IST) is developed to improve the surface temperature simulations in Antarctica. Through stand-alone simulations, IST shows advantages over the Noah glacial module, a commonly utilized scheme in the widely used Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. These improvements are mainly attributed to the incorporation of detailed snow physics and optimized surface layer parameterization, which results in better simulations of both the surface albedo in summer and the turbulent sensible heat flux in winter. When coupled with IST instead of Noah,WRF models show improved simulation of surface temperatures throughout the year. The bias and root-meansquare-error of annual mean surface temperatures are reduced from 5.7 and 6.0 to 0.2 and 2.7 K.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.NSFC 22172004 and 21972003)and the Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(BNLMS)for financial support.
文摘Except for fluorocarbons and silicones,few artificial materials display both water and organic solvent resistance.Herein,we report an artificial hydrocarbonbased supramolecular elastomer that displays unprecedented dual resistance to both water and organic solvents.This elastomer is formed in water with two water soluble components,folic acid(FA)and branched poly(ethylene imine)(b-PEI).The hydrogen bonding between the two components occurs immediately,which further promotes the hydrogen bonding between the FA,yielding folate quartets and theirπ-πstacking.These multiple noncovalent interactions work synergistically,leading to a hydrophobic,transparent,stretchable,healable,notchinsensitive,and recyclable elastomer that resists both water and organic solvents.The elastomer remains intact after storage in high humidity and organic solvents for months.Films generated by stretching the elastomer are very hydrophobic,and the contact angle of water on the elastomer is up to 112.3°.The damaged elastomers also exhibit water-assisted healable behavior.This work discloses a new paradigm of material synthesis that can inspire the fabrication of robust nonfluorocarbon and silicone-based materials with green strategies.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 91856120,21573011,and 21633002).
文摘General strategies leading to scale-span molecular self-assembly are of crucial importance in creating bulk supramolecular materials.Here,we report that under mechanical pressure,caking of the precipitatedmolecular self-assemblies led to bulk supramolecular films.Massive fabrication of supramolecular films became possible by employing a simple household noodle machine.The film could be endowed to acquire diversified functions by depositing various functional ingredients via coprecipitation.We expect that our current work opens up a new paradigm leading to large-scale functional solid molecular self-assembled materials.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22172004,91856120,21972003。
文摘Human skin moisture is closely related to health and personal care issues.Many creams were developed to claim capable of skin moisturizing.However,people can hardly check their skin moisture status and the moisturizing effect of various creams conveniently,since currently all the skin moisturizing detection rely on large equipment requiring power supply.Herein,we report a power-supply independent supramolecular film that is able to directly report the moisturizing status of the skin.With the strategy of solid-phase molecular self-assembly(SPMSA),the aqueous precipitates formed by commercially available polyelectrolyte and oppositely charged surfactant would transform into a supramolecular film under a mild mechanical pressure,where the hydrophobic surfactant domains bridged by polyelectrolyte merge into hydrophobic mesophases to reduce interfacial energy.The hydrophobic mesophase will greatly retard water diffusion inside the film,so that a humidity gradient is generated as the film is exposed to a humid environment.The film will bend upward automatically in touch with moisture skin,and the bending degree is proportional to the skin moisture status.Therefore,the film can be used as portable smart power-free skin moisture sensor.
