Neuropeptide S(NPS)is involved in severe pathological processes.Direct evidence showed NPS regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in pigs.This study investigated the effect of NPS on the secretion of inf...Neuropeptide S(NPS)is involved in severe pathological processes.Direct evidence showed NPS regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in pigs.This study investigated the effect of NPS on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in ducks with H9N2 infection via intramuscular injection with NPS or NPS receptor(NPSR)antagonist.The ducks received 15 nM NPS or 10 nM NPSR antagonist in saline.Samples were collected to analyze the expression levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,IFN-α,NPS,and the H9N2 gene NP by RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR;samples were fixed to observe the histopathological changes by hematoxylin-eosin staining.Serial blood samples were collected(every 30 min,starting 1 h before injections and lasting until 2 h after injections)to measure the serum levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,and IFN-αby ELISA.Semiquantitative RT-PCR confirmed that the expression of NPS mRNA was increased in H9N2 infection group.Morphological data showed NPS treatment could reverse the pathological changes in the duck bursa induced by H9N2 infection.Both the results of real time quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA methods showed NPS and NPSR antagonist treatments could significantly regulate the expression of IFN-α,but not of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α;meanwhile,the levels of increased IFN-α and decreased NP were further prompted by NPS,and NPSR antagonist revered.Conclusion,NPS is involved in the innate immunity response to H9N2 infection via the IFN-αpathway in ducks in vivo.These results indicate NPS affects the immune homeostasis and provides an alternative for anti-H9N2 drugs.展开更多
Artificial upwelling, as a geoengineering tool, has received worldwide attention because it may actualize ocean fertilization in a sustainable way, which could potentially alleviate the pressures on the fish stocks an...Artificial upwelling, as a geoengineering tool, has received worldwide attention because it may actualize ocean fertilization in a sustainable way, which could potentially alleviate the pressures on the fish stocks and human-driven climate change in the ocean. We reviewed the current knowledge on the development of an artificial upwelling system and its potential environmental effects. Special attention was given to the research progress on the air-lift concept artificial upwelling by Zhejiang University. The research on artificial upwelling over the past few decades has generated a range of devices that have been successfully applied in the field for months. Based on field experiments and the associated modeling results, part of them reported positive effects on increasing primary production and enhancing CO2 sequestration. However, as a significant disturbance to the environment, especially for large-scale applications, the uncertainties related to the potential effects on ecosystem remain unsolved. Zhejiang University has overcome the technical challenges in designing and fabricating a robust and high efficiency artificial upwelling device which has been examined in two field experiments in Qiandao Lake and one sea trial in the East China Sea. It was investigated that cold and hypoxic deep ocean water(DOW) could be uplifted to the euphotic layer, which could potentially change the nutrient distribution and adjust the N/P ratio. Both simulation and field experiments results confirmed that utilizing self-powered energy to inject compressed air to uplift DOW was a valid and efficient method. Therefore, further field-based research on artificial upwelling, especially for long-term field research is required to test the scientific hypothesis.展开更多
基金Supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(31302050)Fujian Provincial Key Lab-oratory of Livestock Infectious Disease for Prevention and Biotechnology at Longyan University(2018KF03)Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Teaching Reform Project(111418106)&Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University College Students’ Innovation Project(201910389198)
文摘Neuropeptide S(NPS)is involved in severe pathological processes.Direct evidence showed NPS regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in pigs.This study investigated the effect of NPS on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in ducks with H9N2 infection via intramuscular injection with NPS or NPS receptor(NPSR)antagonist.The ducks received 15 nM NPS or 10 nM NPSR antagonist in saline.Samples were collected to analyze the expression levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,IFN-α,NPS,and the H9N2 gene NP by RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR;samples were fixed to observe the histopathological changes by hematoxylin-eosin staining.Serial blood samples were collected(every 30 min,starting 1 h before injections and lasting until 2 h after injections)to measure the serum levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,and IFN-αby ELISA.Semiquantitative RT-PCR confirmed that the expression of NPS mRNA was increased in H9N2 infection group.Morphological data showed NPS treatment could reverse the pathological changes in the duck bursa induced by H9N2 infection.Both the results of real time quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA methods showed NPS and NPSR antagonist treatments could significantly regulate the expression of IFN-α,but not of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α;meanwhile,the levels of increased IFN-α and decreased NP were further prompted by NPS,and NPSR antagonist revered.Conclusion,NPS is involved in the innate immunity response to H9N2 infection via the IFN-αpathway in ducks in vivo.These results indicate NPS affects the immune homeostasis and provides an alternative for anti-H9N2 drugs.
基金financially funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51120195001&51205346)the Program for Zhejiang Leading Team of S&T Innovation(Grant No.2010R50036)+1 种基金the Public Welfare Project of Science Technology Department of Zhejiang ProvinceChina(Grant No.2015C31096)
文摘Artificial upwelling, as a geoengineering tool, has received worldwide attention because it may actualize ocean fertilization in a sustainable way, which could potentially alleviate the pressures on the fish stocks and human-driven climate change in the ocean. We reviewed the current knowledge on the development of an artificial upwelling system and its potential environmental effects. Special attention was given to the research progress on the air-lift concept artificial upwelling by Zhejiang University. The research on artificial upwelling over the past few decades has generated a range of devices that have been successfully applied in the field for months. Based on field experiments and the associated modeling results, part of them reported positive effects on increasing primary production and enhancing CO2 sequestration. However, as a significant disturbance to the environment, especially for large-scale applications, the uncertainties related to the potential effects on ecosystem remain unsolved. Zhejiang University has overcome the technical challenges in designing and fabricating a robust and high efficiency artificial upwelling device which has been examined in two field experiments in Qiandao Lake and one sea trial in the East China Sea. It was investigated that cold and hypoxic deep ocean water(DOW) could be uplifted to the euphotic layer, which could potentially change the nutrient distribution and adjust the N/P ratio. Both simulation and field experiments results confirmed that utilizing self-powered energy to inject compressed air to uplift DOW was a valid and efficient method. Therefore, further field-based research on artificial upwelling, especially for long-term field research is required to test the scientific hypothesis.
