Shale gas is being hailed as the green energy of the future due to high heating value,low carbon emissions,and large reserves.Gas content of shale is a key parameter for evaluating the shale gas potential and screenin...Shale gas is being hailed as the green energy of the future due to high heating value,low carbon emissions,and large reserves.Gas content of shale is a key parameter for evaluating the shale gas potential and screening for the shale gas sweet spots.Although the concept of gas content has been well defined,obtaining a reliable gas content data still remains a challenge.A significant barrier is the method for evaluating the gas content.In this paper,we provide a review of the long-established and recently developed gas content evaluation methods.In the first part of this review article,the history of gas content evaluation methods is summarized since 1910s,relied on published and unpublished literatures as well as our own experiences.Then,the fundamental contents and concepts involved in gas content evaluation are introduced to provide a clear theoretical foundation for the methods.In the third part,eleven evaluation methods,including four direct methods and seven indirect methods,are systematically reviewed.In each method,its application to evaluating the gas content is presented,the key advances are highlighted,and the advantages and limitations are discussed.Finally,future directions are discussed to promote creative thinking across disciplines to develop new methods or improve current methods for evaluating the gas content more accurately and efficiently.展开更多
In addition to the canonical nucleobases, a variety of chemical modifications have been identified presence in nucleic acids. These modifications have been demonstrated to involve in regulating the spatiotemporal expr...In addition to the canonical nucleobases, a variety of chemical modifications have been identified presence in nucleic acids. These modifications have been demonstrated to involve in regulating the spatiotemporal expression of genes. Up to date, over 150 types of chemical modifications have been found existence in nucleic acids. Understanding the functional roles of modifications relies on deciphering the location information of modifications in nucleic acids. Analytical methods for studying nucleic acid modifications have greatly advanced in the last decade. To locate the modifications in nucleic acids, various mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical strategies have been established. Recent progress in next-generation sequencing (NGS) in conjugation with immunoprecipitation, chemical reaction, enzyme-mediated mutation, or nanomaterials offer genome-wide or transcriptome-wide mapping of modifications, which greatly revolutionize the field of epigenetic modifications. Herein, we reviewed and summarized the established methods and the breakthrough of the techniques for locating modifications in nucleic acids. In addition, we discussed the principles, applications, advantages and drawbacks of these methods. We believe that with the rapid advancement of techniques and methods,the functions of nucleic acid modifications will be fully understood in the future.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42202175,41927801,and 42102128)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development(33550000-22-ZC0613-0296)。
文摘Shale gas is being hailed as the green energy of the future due to high heating value,low carbon emissions,and large reserves.Gas content of shale is a key parameter for evaluating the shale gas potential and screening for the shale gas sweet spots.Although the concept of gas content has been well defined,obtaining a reliable gas content data still remains a challenge.A significant barrier is the method for evaluating the gas content.In this paper,we provide a review of the long-established and recently developed gas content evaluation methods.In the first part of this review article,the history of gas content evaluation methods is summarized since 1910s,relied on published and unpublished literatures as well as our own experiences.Then,the fundamental contents and concepts involved in gas content evaluation are introduced to provide a clear theoretical foundation for the methods.In the third part,eleven evaluation methods,including four direct methods and seven indirect methods,are systematically reviewed.In each method,its application to evaluating the gas content is presented,the key advances are highlighted,and the advantages and limitations are discussed.Finally,future directions are discussed to promote creative thinking across disciplines to develop new methods or improve current methods for evaluating the gas content more accurately and efficiently.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFC0906800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21672166, 21635006, 21721005, 21728802) for the financial support
文摘In addition to the canonical nucleobases, a variety of chemical modifications have been identified presence in nucleic acids. These modifications have been demonstrated to involve in regulating the spatiotemporal expression of genes. Up to date, over 150 types of chemical modifications have been found existence in nucleic acids. Understanding the functional roles of modifications relies on deciphering the location information of modifications in nucleic acids. Analytical methods for studying nucleic acid modifications have greatly advanced in the last decade. To locate the modifications in nucleic acids, various mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical strategies have been established. Recent progress in next-generation sequencing (NGS) in conjugation with immunoprecipitation, chemical reaction, enzyme-mediated mutation, or nanomaterials offer genome-wide or transcriptome-wide mapping of modifications, which greatly revolutionize the field of epigenetic modifications. Herein, we reviewed and summarized the established methods and the breakthrough of the techniques for locating modifications in nucleic acids. In addition, we discussed the principles, applications, advantages and drawbacks of these methods. We believe that with the rapid advancement of techniques and methods,the functions of nucleic acid modifications will be fully understood in the future.
