New insight into the role of exosomes in idiopathic membrane nephropathy

Exosomes,nanoscale extracellular vesicles(EVs)derived from the invagination of the endosomal membrane,are secreted by a majority of cell types.As carriers of DNA,mRNA,proteins,and microRNAs,exosomes are implicated in regulating biological activities under physiological and pathological conditions.Kidney-derived exosomes,which vary in origin and function,may either contribute to the pathogenesis of disease or represent a potential therapeutic resource.Membranous nephropathy(MN),an autoimmune kidney disease characterized by glomerular damage,is a predominant cause of nephrotic syndrome.Notably,MN,especially idiopathic membranous nephropathy(IMN),often results in end-stage renal disease(ESRD),affecting approximately 30%of patients and posing a considerable economic challenge to healthcare systems.Despite substantial research,therapeutic options remain ineffective at halting IMN progression,underscoring the urgent need for innovative strategies.Emerging evidence has implicated exosomes in IMN’s pathophysiology;Providing a fresh perspective for the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.This review aims to scrutinize recent developments in exosome-related mechanisms in IMN and evaluate their potential as promising therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers,with the hope of catalyzing further investigations into the utility of exosomes in MN,particularly IMN,ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes in these challenging disease settings.

Prelithiation Enhances Cycling Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries:A Mini Review

During the last decade,the rapid development of lithium-ion battery(LIB)energy storage systems has provided significant support for the efficient operation of renewable energy stations.In the coming years,the service life demand of energy storage systems will be further increased to 30 years from the current 20 years on the basis of the equivalent service life of renewable energy stations.However,the life of the present LIB is far from meeting such high demand.Therefore,research on the next-generation LIB with ultra-long service life is imminent.Prelithiation technology has been widely studied as an important means to compensate for the initial coulombic efficiency loss and improve the service life of LIBs.This review systematically summarized the different prelithiation methods from anode and cathode electrodes.Moreover,the large-scale industrialization challenge and the possibility of the existing prelithiation technology are analyzed,based on three key parameters:industry compatibility,prelithiation efficiency,and energy density.Finally,the future trends of improvement in LIB performance by other overlithiated cathode materials are presented,which gives a reference for subsequent research.

Insight into the Electrochemical Behaviors of NCM811|SiO-Gr Pouch Battery through Thickness Variation

LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811)|SiOx-graphite(SiO-Gr.)battery chemistry is of intensive attention because its achievable practical energy density is approaching impressively 300 Wh Kg^(-1).However,it still suffers rapid capacity fades during repeated cycles,both chemical,electrochemical and mechanical irreversibility contribute.A comprehensive understanding behind the fading behavior of the cell chemistry is required before fully realize the benefits of this chemistry.Herein,the in-situ thickness variation is introduced as a diagnostic technique and is performed on 5-55 Ah NCM811|SiO-Gr cells.With the help of Li reference electrode and in-situ X-ray diffraction device,the correspondence between thickness variation and the electrode potential is carefully investigated.Firstly,the NCM811|SiO-Gr cell is characterized with the maximum cell thickness at around 80%state-of-charge(SOC)in the discharge process,rather than at 100%SOC.Secondly,the electrochemical behaviors during rate charge/discharge are diagnosed,and a Li platting signal is resolved from thickness variation profile at 2C.This work confirms that the thickness monitoring is a nondestructive and informative complement to conventional diagnostic techniques for failure analysis of pouch cells.

氮硫共掺杂高比表面中空碳球的制备及其在电催化二氧化碳还原中的应用

化石燃料是现代能源体系的重要支柱,其大量使用导致大气中CO2浓度不断增加,加剧了全球变暖和环境恶化.因此,各国研究人员开发了大量技术手段以捕获和重新再利用CO2这一丰富的碳资源.其中, CO2电催化还原(CO2RR)技术在减少CO2排放和将其转化为有用化学品等方面极具潜力.但是, CO2RR具有反应能垒高和动力学过程缓慢等特点,进而限制其转化效率,故使用传统的贵金属材料(Ag, Au, Cu及Pd等)作为CO2RR高效的催化剂.然而,贵金属材料的大规模应用受限于它们成本高昂、稳定性差及环境毒性等缺点.在各类可替代贵金属催化剂中,碳材料因其廉价丰富、结构可调和导电性高的特点在CO2RR应用上展现出诱人的前景,因此,探索合适的碳基催化剂在高效催化二氧化碳领域具有重要的研究价值和意义.本文通过简单有效的方法制备了一种氮硫共掺杂的高比表面的碳基催化剂(SZ-HCN)用于CO2RR.首先利用表面活性剂胶束Triton X-100作为模板诱导调控,合成了具有中空结构的苯胺-吡咯共聚物,并以此为碳前驱体,通过一步热解共聚物和硫粉获得N和S共掺杂多孔碳,材料的高比表面积(1510 m2g–1)得益于中空结构和ZnCl2盐造成的纳米孔结构.值得注意的是,高比表面的多孔结构且有效共掺杂N/S,能提供更多的高活性催化位点和有利于相关反应物种的传输.通过扫描电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜、高角环形暗场-扫描透射-元素分布、N2吸脱附等温分析及X射线光电子能谱等物理表征证实了催化剂材料的中孔结构和N/S共掺杂组分.进一步通过电化学测试分析和产物测试分析可知,电催化剂SZ-HCN在-0.60 V还原CO2为CO的法拉第效率高达93%,明显抑制竞争反应HER.此外,在-0.60 V恒电位下连续20 h测试,依旧保持稳定的电流密度(-5.2 m A cm–2)和高的CO选择性,显示了出色的耐久性和潜在应用性.我们采用密度泛函数理论探究N和S掺杂的影响,模拟计算可知,相比单一N掺杂的催化剂, N, S共掺杂可以提供更多的活性位点,降低CO2还原为CO反应中决速步生成COOH*的吉布斯自由能垒,进而提高催化活性.SZ-HCN催化剂展现出的优异CO2RR活性和稳定性主要归因于:(1)N和S元素均匀掺杂到碳基体中,两者的协同效应导致碳电荷再分布形成高活性位点,提高本征活性;(2)高比表面的多级孔结构提供了丰富的三相接触界面和有利的传输通道,便于反应相关物种的快速转移.该碳基催化剂材料在替代贵金属应用于CO2RR展示了一定的潜力.

A cerium-doped NASICON chemically coupled poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)-based polymer electrolyte for high-rate and high-voltage quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries

The isolated inorganic particles within composite polymer electrolytes(CPEs) are not correlated to the Li^(+)transfer network,resulting in the polymer dominating the low ionic conductivity of CPEs.Therefore,we developed novel quasi-solid-state CPEs of a Ce-doped Na super ion conductors(NASICON)Na_(1.3+x)Al_(0.3)Ce_(x)Ti_(1.7-x)(PO_(4))_(3)(NCATP) chemically coupled poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)(PVDF-HFP)/Li-bis(trifluoromethanes-ulfonyl)imide(LiTFSI) matrix.A strong interaction between Ce^(3+)from NCATP and TFSI-anion from the polymer matrix contributes to the fast Li+transportation at the interface.The PVDF-HFP/NCATP CPEs exhibit an ionic conductivity of 2.16 × 0^(-3) S cm^(-1) and a Li^(+) transference number of 0.88.A symmetric Li/Li cell with NCATP-integrated CPEs at 0.1 mA cm^(-2) presents outstanding cycling stability over 2000 h at 25℃.The quasi-solid-state Li metal batteries of Li/CPEs/LiFePO_(4) at 2 C after 400 cycles and Li/CPEs/LiCoO_(2) at 0.2 C after 120 cycles deliver capacities of 100 and 152 mAh g^(-1) at 25℃,respectively.

Decomposition of methylamine on Mo(100) surface: A DFT study

The initial decomposition of methylamine on Mo（100） surface has been investigated by self-consistent （GGA-PW91） density functional theory combined with periodic slab model. The adsorption energies of possible species and the activation energies for possible elementary reactions involved are obtained in the present work. Our results indicate that the barriers decreased with the order of C-NN-HC-H. In addition, metastable adsorption of the abstracted hydrogen atom on the hollow site in the final state is also considered for the N-H and C-H bond breaking. For the C-H bond cleavage, the reaction barrier that the abstracted hydrogen located on the hollow site in the final state is lower than that on the bridge site. However, for the N H bond breaking, the barriers are alike for the abstracted hydrogen on both hollow and bridge sites in the final state.

Cost-effective natural graphite reengineering technology for lithium ion batteries

Graphite tailings produced by natural graphite is usually regarded as garbage to be buried underground,which would result in a certain waste of resources.Here,in order to explore the utilization of natural graphite tailings(NGT),a liquid-polyacrylonitrile(LPAN)is used to modify the NGT fragments and aggregate them together to form secondary graphite particles with low surface area and high tap density.Moreover,the modified NGT show much better electrochemical performances than those of original one.When tested in full cells coupled with NMC532 cathode,the material achieves a high rate capability and cycle stability at the cutoff voltage of 4.25 V as well as 4.45 V,which maintains 84.32%capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1 C rate(4.25 V),higher than that of the pristine one(73.65%).The enhanced performances can be attributed to the use of LPAN to create a unique carbon layer upon graphite tailings to reconstruct surface and repair defects,and also to granulate an isotropic structure of secondary graphite particles,which can help to weaken the anisotropy of Li^(+)diffusion pathway and form a uniform,complete and stable solid-electrolyte-interface(SEI)on the surface of primary NGT fragments to promote a fast Li+diffusion and suppress lithium metal dendrites upon charge and discharge.

基于正交回归和特征加权的脑电情感特征选择方法

颅内容积传导效应导致大量脑电特征之间具有高度相关性,而这些高度相关的脑电特征无法为情感识别提供额外的有用信息,并且会降低基于脑电信号的情感识别效率.为了去除冗余信息和挑选有判别力的脑电特征,本文提出了一种基于正交回归和特征加权的脑电情感特征选择方法.与传统特征选择方法相比,该方法利用正交回归在脑电特征映射空间中保留更多的判别信息,更加适合于非线性和非平稳脑电信号的分析处理.为了验证所提出方法的性能,我们采集了由视频诱发的多通道脑电情感数据,并将所提出方法与4种常用的脑电特征选择方法进行了比较.实验结果证明了本文所提出方法能有效降低脑电特征集内冗余信息,并挑选出具有判别力的脑电特征子集.此外,通过分析由该方法所挑选的脑电特征类型,我们发现中心频率特征是最具判别力的脑电情感特征.该发现将为未来脑电情感特征提取研究提供新的思路.

铁钴普鲁士蓝类似物中性条件下硝酸根电化学加氢制氨的活性来源研究

在温和的大气条件下通过电化学硝酸根还原反应(nitrate reduction reaction, NO_(3)^(-)RR)制氨是合成氨的可行方法,也是一种很有前途的储氢策略.本研究首次将生长在碳纤维布上的铁钴普鲁士蓝类似物层状立方阵列用作NO_(3)^(-)RR的电催化剂,并且在中性的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中获得了令人满意的氨产率(1788.4μg h^(-1)cm^(-2))和法拉第效率(81.01%).电化学结果和原位拉曼光谱表明,氰基对提高催化活性至关重要.通过前沿轨道理论对催化剂的催化活性进行了解释:氰基可以提高催化剂最高占据态(即最高占据分子轨道)的能量,促进电子从催化剂的最高占据态跃迁至硝酸根离子的最低未占据分子轨道,并实现吸附中间体吉布斯自由能的优化,从而加速NO_(3)^(-)RR.

Modulating the electronic spin state by constructing dual-metal atomic pairs for activating the dynamic site of oxygen reduction reaction

In this study,dual-metal atomic pairs of manganese(Mn)-iron(Fe)binuclear sites(BNSs)with two conjoint MnN4 and FeN4 moieties(MnFeN8)anchored onto a graphite-like structure(GLS)(Mn-Fe BNSs/GLS)were constructed.The binuclear MnFeN8 structure was verified experimentally and theoretically.Magnetic measurements and Gaussian calculations reveal that this unique Mn-Fe BNSs exhibit strong short-range electronic interaction between Mn and Fe sites,which decouples two paired d electrons in Fe sites,thereby transforming Fe sites from an intermediate to a high spin state.The optimal electronic configuration of Fe sites and their binuclear structure facilitate an oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)thermodynamically and dynamically,respectively,endowing Mn-Fe BNSs with improved ORR performance.

Nondestructive monitoring of annealing and chemical-mechanical planarization behavior using ellipsometry and deep learning

The Cu-flling process in through-silicon via(TSV-Cu)is a key technology for chip stacking and three-dimensional vertical packaging.During this process,defects resulting from chemical-mechanical planarization(CMP)and annealing severely affect the reliability of the chips.Traditional methods of defect characterization are destructive and cumbersome.In this study,a new defect inspection method was developed using Mueller matrix spectroscopic ellipsometry.TSV-Cu with a 3-μm-diameter and 8-μm-deep Cu filling showed three typical types of characteristics:overdishing(defect-OD),protrusion(defect-P),and defect-free.The process dimension for each defect was 13 nm.First,the three typical defects caused by CMP and annealing were investigated.With single-channel deep learning and a Mueller matrix element(MME),the TSV-Cu defect types could be distinguished with an accuracy rate of 99.94%.Next,seven effective MMEs were used as independent channels in the artificial neural network to quantify the height variation in the Cu flling in the z-direction.The accuracy rate was 98.92%after training,and the recognition accuracy reached 1 nm.The proposed approach rapidly and nondestructively evaluates the annealing bonding performance of CMP processes,which can improve the reliability of high-density integration.

Metallo-aerogels derived from chitosan with encapsulated metal nanoparticles as robust,efficient and selective nanocatalysts towards reduction of nitroarenes

A series of robust metallo-aerogels are readily fabricated by pyrolysis of xerogels derived from chitosan-metal(M=Fe,Co,Ni)hydrogels.Owing to the strong coordination between metal ions and the functional groups(NH2 and OH)of chitosan,metallo-aerogels consisting of encapsulated metal-nanoparticles(MNPs)by graphite shells were obtained,as supported by various characterizations including high-resolution transmission electron microscope(HR-TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and Raman.The resulting metalloaerogels could be functioned as highly stable,efficient and selective nanocatalysts towards the hydrogenation of nitroarenes to amines at low catalyst loading(1.2 mol.%-2.4 mol.%).Remarkably,the metallo-aerogels could be reused for more than 30 runs without obvious loss of activity and selectivity.These distinguished performances were attributed to the graphitic shells formed during the pyrolysis,which hampered the possible aggregation of MNPs,prevented metal leaching and increased their stability.

Mapping paddy rice in Jiangsu Province,China,based on phenological parameters and a decision tree model

Timely and accurate mapping of rice planting areas is crucial under China's current cropping structure. This study proposes a new paddy rice mapping method by combining phenological parameters and a decision tree model.Six phenological parameters were developed to identify paddy rice areas based on the analysis of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)time series and the Land Surface Water Index (LSWI)time series.The six phenological parameters considered the performance of different land cover types during specific phenological phases (EVI1 and EVI2),one-half of or the entire rice growing cycle (LSWI1 and LSWI2),and the shape of the LSWI time series (KurtosisLSWI and SkewnessLSWI).A hierarchical decision tree model was designed to classify paddy rice areas according to the potential separability of different land cover types in paired phenological parameter spaces.Results showed that the decision tree model was more sensitive to LSWI1,LSWI2,and SkewnessLswi than the other phenological parameters.A paddy rice map of Jiangsu Province for 2015 was generated with an optimal threshold set of(0.4,0.42,9,19,1.5,-1.7,0.0)with a total accuracy of 93.9%.The MODIS-derived paddy rice map generally agreed with the paddy land fraction map from the National Land Cover Dataset project,but there were regional discrepancies because of their different definitions of land use and the inability of MODIS to map paddy rice at a fragmental level.The MODIS-derived paddy rice map showed high correlation (R^2=0.85)with county-level agricultural statistics.The results of this study indicate that the phenological parameter-based paddy rice mapping algorithm could be applied at larger spatial scales.

Rational design of Ru species on N-doped graphene promoting water dissociation for boosting hydrogen evolution reaction

In this study,the morphological distribution of Ru on nitrogen-doped graphene(NG)could be rationally regulated via modulating the combination mode between Ru precursor and the zeolite imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8).The cation exchange and host-guest strategies respectively resulted in two different combination modes between Ru precursor and ZIF-8 anchored on graphene.Following pyrolysis of the above precursors,Ru single-atom sites(SASs)with and without Ru nanoparticles(NPs)were formed selectively on NG(denoted as Ru SASs+NPs/NG and Ru SASs/NG,respectively).Ru SASs+NPs/NG exhibited excellent hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)performance in alkaline solutions(η_(10)=12 mV,12.57 A mg^(-1)_(Ru) at 100 mV),which is much better than Ru SASs/NG.The experimental and theoretical study revealed that Ru SASs could adsorb hydrogen with optimal adsorption strength,while Ru NPs could lower the barrier of water molecule dissociation,and thus Ru SASs and Ru NPs could synergistically promote the catalytic performance of HER in alkaline solutions.

Colorimetric recognition of melamine in milk using novel pincer zinc complex stabilized gold nanoparticles

A convenient colorimetric approach for visual detection of melamine in raw milk was realized by using gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)stabilized by an unsymmetrical terpyridyl zinc complex with a thymine fragment at one terminal and a quaternary ammonium salt at the other.Even without pre-addition of melamine or relative additives,obvious color change from red to blue was observed by naked eye in the presence of trace amount of melamine,which was attributed to the alternation of aggregation state of AuNPs caused by the selective binding between the thymine fragment and melamine via triple hydrogenbonding interactions.Remarkably,the detection limit for melamine was as low as 2.4 ppb,providing a highly sensitive and efficient approach for the visual detection of melamine.

Modeling grass yields in Qinghai Province,China,based on MODIS NDVI data--an empirical comparison

Qinghai Province is one of the four largest pastoral regions in China.Timely monitoring of grass growth and accurate estimation of grass yields are essential for its ecological protection and sustainable development.To estimate grass yields in Qinghai,we used the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)time-series data derived from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)and a pre-existing grassland type map.We developed five estimation approaches to quantify the overall accuracy by combining four data pre-processing techniques(original,Savitzky-Golay(SG),Asymmetry Gaussian(AG)and Double Logistic(DL)),three metrics derived from NDVI time series(VImax,VIseason and VImean)and four fitting functions(linear,second-degree polynomial,power function,and exponential function).The five approaches were investigated in terms of overall accuracy based on 556 ground survey samples in 2016.After assessment and evaluation,we applied the best estimation model in each approach to map the fresh grass yields over the entire Qinghai Province in 2016.Results indicated that:1)For sample estimation,the crossvalidated overall accuracies increased with the increasing flexibility in the chosen fitting variables,and the best estimation accuracy was obtained by the so called“fully flexible model”with R2 of 0.57 and RMSE of 1140 kg/ha.2)Exponential models generally outperformed linear and power models.3)Although overall similar,strong local discrepancies were identified between the grass yield maps derived from the five approaches.In particular,the two most flexible modeling approaches were too sensitive to errors in the pre-existing grassland type map.This led to locally strong overestimations in the modeled grass yields.

Rice OsUBR7 modulates plant height by regulating histone H2B monoubiquitination and cell proliferation

Plant height is an important agronomic trait for lodging resistance and yield.Here,we report a new plantheight-related gene,OsUBR7 in rice(Oryza sativa L.);knockout of OsUBR7 caused fewer cells in internodes,resulting in a semi-dwarf phenotype.OsUBR7 encodes a putative E3 ligase containing a plant homeodomain finger and a ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 7(UBR7)domain.OsUBR7 interacts with histones and monoubiquitinates H2B(H2Bub1)at lysine148 in coordination with the E2 conjugase OsUBC18.OsUBR7 mediates H2Bub1 at a number of chromatin loci for the normal expression of target genes,including cell-cycle-related and pleiotropic genes,consistent with the observation that cell-cycle progression was suppressed in the osubr7 mutant owing to reductions in H2Bub1 and expression levels at these loci.The genetic divergence of OsUBR7 alleles among japonica and indica cultivars affects their transcriptional activity,and these alleles may have undergone selection during rice domestication.Overall,our results reveal a novel mechanism that mediates H2Bub1 in plants,and UBR7 orthologs could be utilized as an untapped epigenetic resource for crop improvement.

Visual recognition of melamine in milk via selective metallo-hydrogel formation

A series of novel six-coordinated terpyridine zinc complexes,containing ammonium salts and thymine fragment at the two terminals,have been designed and synthesized,which can function as highly sensitive visualized sensors for melamine detection via selective metallo-hydrogel formation.After fully characterization by various techniques,the complementary triple-hydrogen-bonding between the thymine fragment and melamine,as well as π-π stacking interactions may be responsible for the selective metallo-hydrogel formation.In light of the possible interference aroused by milk ingredients(proteins,peptides and amino acids) and legal/illegal additives(urine,sugars and vitamins),a series of control experiments are therefore involved.To our delight,this visual recognition is highly selective,no gelation was observed with the selected milk ingredients or additives.Remarkably,this new developed protocol enables convenient and highly selective visual recognition of melamine at a concentration as low as 10 ppm in raw milk without any tedious pretreatment.