Application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to assess effect of conformance control treatments on water-injection wells

As an effective method to prolong the life of mature field,conformance control in water-injection well has been used wildly.Naturally,effect evaluation of conformance control has attracted great attention because it is an important guideline for the design of later enhanced oil recovery(EOR)plan.Usually,production responses such as excessive water reduction and oil production increment are widely used as the indicators.However,production responses may be unreliable due to the difficulty in determining an effective injection well which is caused by a large number of treated water-injection wells in a well group.Therefore,with the application of fuzzy comprehension evaluation(FCE),five evaluation indexes(injection pressure,injectivity index,slope of hall curve,variation coefficient and homogenization coefficient of injection profile)describe injection responses were selected to establish a new evaluation method in this paper.Based on fuzzy mathematics,FCE reflects the difference of evaluation units.Meanwhile,weights of evaluation indexes were obtained by analytic hierarchy process(AHP),which made the results more convincing.Taking Bai 239 oilfield as an example,the five injection responses indexes were used to assess treatment effect on five water-injection wells by single index evaluation and FCE.The results showed that among the five evaluation indexes mentioned above,the slope of hall curve was the most important factor affected evaluation result.In single index evaluation,opposite results may be produced easily on account of the one-sidedness of single index or human error.Furthermore,we found that effective treatment was a relative concept actually.The result of FCE was consistent with single index evaluation but FCE was more acceptable.This study suggests that FCE could be applied to another field such as water flooding,acidizing and hydraulic fracturing.

UHRF1/DNMT1—MZF1 axis-modulated intragenic site-specific CpGI methylation confers divergent expression and opposing functions of PRSS3 isoforms in lung cancer

As confusion mounts over RNA isoforms involved in phenotypic plasticity,aberrant CpG methylation-mediated disruption of alternative splicing is increasingly recognized as a driver of intratumor heterogeneity(ITH).Protease serine 3(PRSS3),possessing four splice variants(PRSS3-SVs;PRSS3-V1—V4),is an indispensable trypsin that shows paradoxical effects on cancer development.Here,we found that PRSS3 transcripts and their isoforms were divergently expressed in lung cancer,exhibiting opposing functions and clinical outcomes,namely,oncogenic PRSS3-V1 and PRSS3-V2 versus tumorsuppressive PRSS3-V3,by targeting different downstream genes.We identified an intragenic CpG island(iCpGI)in PRSS3.Hypermethylation of iCpGI was mediated by UHRF1/DNMT1 complex interference with the binding of myeloid zinc finger 1(MZF1)to regulate PRSS3 transcription.The garlic-derived compound diallyl trisulfide cooperated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine to exert antitumor effects in lung adenocarcinoma cells through site-specific iCpGI demethylation specifically allowing MZF1 to upregulate PRSS3-V3 expression.Epigenetic silencing of PRSS3-V3 via i CpGI methylation(iCpGIm)in BALF and tumor tissues was associated with early clinical progression in patients with lung cancer but not in those with squamous cell carcinoma or inflammatory disease.Thus,UHRF1/DNMT1—MZF1 axismodulated site-specific iCpGIm regulates divergent expression of PRSS3-SVs,conferring nongenetic functional ITH,with implications for early detection of lung cancer and targeted therapies.