Metabolomics provide insights into the endogenous mechanism of strobilation in the scyphozoan jellyfi sh Rhopilema esculentum

Strobilation is a well-organized metamorphosis process in scyphozoan jellyfi sh,through which the benthic polyp develops into the pelagic medusa.So far,knowledge on the molecular mechanisms behind the drastic morphological and physiological changes remains limited.In the present study,the metabolic profi les in polyp and strobila stages of jellyfi sh Rhopilema esculentum were examined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer.A total of 3071 metabolites with putative annotation were detected,of which 167 were identifi ed as diff erential metabolites between the polyp and strobila.Among the metabolites,31 signifi cantly decreased and 136 signifi cantly increased in abundance in the strobila.Thyroxin,one of the previously proposed strobilation inducer of Aurelia,was not detected in this study.The indole-containing compounds are known for triggering strobilation in Discomedusae.Two indole derivatives and an indole-isomer containing metabolite were detected among the most signifi cantly increased metabolites,which may be potential endogenous molecules for strobilation initiation.The membrane-associated phospholipids and the infl ammation and oxidative stress-related eicosanoids were found to have signifi cant changes.Although the functions of these metabolites in strobilation are not yet completely known,they provide some clues to the induction of the process of strobilation and metabolic responses that take place during strobilation.

Fire/Acid/Alkali‑Resistant Aramid/Carbon Nanofiber Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self‑Powered Biomotion and Risk Perception in Fire and Chemical Environments

Casualties are frequent in high-risk environments,particularly in high-risk chemical and high-temperature fire environments,due to improper protection or accidents.While wearable sensors can offer real-time biomechanical monitoring in fire and chemical environments,they cause discomfort,contain toxic heavy metals,and lack resistance to fire and acid/alkali.Herein,a facile approach to fabricating metal-free fire/acid/alkali-resistant poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide)fiber and carbon nanofiber composite triboelectric nanogenerator(PMIA/CNF-TENG)was demonstrated.The PMIA/CNF-TENG shows the advantages of textile construction including flexibility,waterproofing,and moisture permeability.It also exhibits unique functions,such as ultrahigh fire/temperature resistance,strong acid and alkali protection,the ability to monitor human signals in real time with self-power,handwritten input for danger signals,and sudden risk perception.The PMIA/CNF-TENG pos-sessed an open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))retention rate of 96.8%even at 250°C,thereby showing considerably higher thermal stability than conventional flame-retardant TENGs.When moved from room temperature to a simulated fire environment,the biomotion-generated VOC increased by 136.7%for bending the elbow and by over 900%for hand input,indicating good fire-sensing capability.In addition,output signal strength by solid-liquid contact depended on the solution type and cor-responded to the laws—NaOH>HNO_(3)>H_(2)SO_(4)>H_(2)O,indicating potential applications in chemical splash detection and active acid-alkali liquid identification.Moreover,the PMIA/CNF-TENG could be built into wireless intelligent sensing systems to achieve remote biomotion and risk perception.