UV-B irradiation enhances the accumulation of beneficial glucosinolates induced by melatonin in Chinese kale sprout

Cruciferous sprout is a new form of vegetable product rich in bioactive compounds,especially glucosinolates.Previous studies have focused on increasing the accumulation of glucosinolates in cruciferous sprouts by applying different chemical regulators,with a particular focus on their contribution to nutritional quality and health benefits.Nevertheless,the effects of melatonin and UV-B irradiation on glucosinolate biosynthesis remain unclear.In this study,it was found that changes in melatonin concentrations significantly affected the contents of individual as well as total aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates.The 5μmol·L^(-1)melatonin was decided as the optimum concentration that could increase the content of beneficial glucosinolates including glucoraphanin and 4-methoxy glucobrassicin in Chinese kale sprouts.Notably,the enhancement of glucosinolate accumulation by melatonin treatment could be further amplified by UV-B irradiation.Furthermore,our results showed that R2R3-MYB transcription factor BoaMYB28 and BoaMYB51,which are central regulators of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis respectively,were both involved in the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis by melatonin and UV-B irradiation.Additionally,the expression of glucosinolate biosynthetic genes,including BoaCYP79F1,BoaCYP83A1,BoaSUR1,BoaUGT74B1,BoaCYP79B2,BoaCYP79B3,and BoaCYP83B1 participated in the formation of core structures and BoaFMOGS-OX5,BoaAOP2,BoaCYP81F2,and BoaIGMT1 involved in the sidechain modification of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolate,was regulated by melatonin or UV-B irradiation.Taken together,these findings provide a potential strategy for improving the nutritional quality and resistance of Chinese kale sprouts.

Enhancing health-promoting isothiocyanates in Chinese kale sprouts via manipulating BoESP

Glucosinolates(GSLs)are a group of sulfur-containing secondarymetabolites,which are abundant in Brassica vegetables.GSL breakdown products(GBPs),especially isothiocyanates(ITCs)benefit human health.Chinese kale is a native Brassica vegetable in China,and its sprouts are rich in GSLs and nutritional substances.ITCs are the predominant GBPs while alternative products are formed in the presence of specifier proteins.However,fewer ITCs are formed in the sprouts.Epithiospecifier(ESP)promotes the formation of epithionitriles at the expense of ITCs in Arabidopsis,but a systematic study of different isoforms of ESPs in most vegetables is still missing.In this study,changes in the content of GBPs and the precursor GSLs,as well as thiols per plant were monitored during sprout development.The proportions of epithionitriles and ITCs in total GBPs were found to be increased and decreased,respectively.RNA-seq showed enhanced expression of numerous genes involved in GSLs biosynthesis and degradation,as well as sulfur assimilation in sprouts compared to seeds.Four copies of BoESPs were isolated and BoESP2 was the most abundant isoform.Generally,transcription of BoESPs showed a strong response to abscisic acid and gibberellin,and consequently epithionitriles increased under these treatments.Knockdown of BoESP2 expression through virus-induced gene silencing system could effectively increase total ITCs and decrease total epithionitriles.Overall,dynamic GSL metabolic f lux exists in the sprouting period,and the expression of BoESPs determines the pattern of GBPs,suggesting that improving the health-promoting ITCs in Chinese kale sprouts through manipulating BoESPs by metabolic engineering is feasible.

Analysis of microRNA Expression Characteristics Related to Low Temperature Stress in Chewing Cane

[Objectives]To explore microRNA expression characteristics related to low temperature stress in chewing cane.[Methods]The research on miRNA under abiotic stress of sugarcane at home and abroad mainly focused on the types and regulation of miRNA under cold,heat,drought,high salt,and mechanical stress.However,there are few studies on miRNA under low temperature stress in chewing cane.The target genes of miR394 and miR825 in chewing cane were predicted and functionally analyzed by bioinformatics technology.[Results]The results showed that the target genes of miR394 and miR825 were mainly members of the WRKY transcription factor family,involved in plant growth,development and stress resistance.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analyzed the expression characteristics of target miRNA in different tissues of chewing cane at different periods of low temperature stress.[Conclusions]The results showed that the expression of chewing cane miR394 and miR408 had temporal and spatial specificity and tissue specificity,both of which could respond to low temperature stress with significant differential expression.

Effects of Exercise on Cancer-related Fatigue and Quality of Life in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Objective To gain insight on how exercise affects the outcomes of prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy,specifically cancer-related fatigue(CRF) and quality of life(QoL). Methods Systematic searches for randomized clinical trials(RCTs) evaluating the effects of exercise on CRF and QoL of prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy were carried out to identify the eligible studies from EMBASE,Pub Med and Cochrane library. Related data were extracted from eligible studies and then subjected to Reviewer Manage 5.3 for analysis. Standardized mean differences(SMD) and its 95% confidence interval(CI) were calculated. Results In all,10 RCTs involving 841 prostate cancer patients(448 of whom exercised and 393 did not) were included in this study. With respect to CRF,there was good consistency among different studies,and it was remarkably reduced in the exercise group(SMD=-0.32,95% CI:-0.45 to-0.18,P<0.00001,n=784). In regards to QoL,there was also good consistency among different studies,and it was also improved significantly in the exercise group(SMD=0.21,95% CI:0.08 to 0.34,P=0.002,n=841). Conclusion Exercise both reduced CRF and improved QoL in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy.

The heat transfer optimization of conical fin by shape modification

In present work, a stepping optimization algorithm is proposed for the geometric optimization of conical fin, and the heat transfer rate of the fin is treated as the objective function in the optimization algorithm. The conical fin is divided into finite elements which have different generatrix slopes, and the geometry of the conical fin is finally determined by ensuring that every divided element can maintain the maximum heat transfer rate. Based on the actual condition of every element of the fin, the heat conduction equation is solved step by step. The present result shows that the optimized conical fin has more heat transfer quantity and higher fin efficiency compared with those of some typical fins. Furthermore, the theoretical feasibility and the error analysis of present optimization algorithm have been performed as well.

A Review of Research on Communicative Approach to Language Teaching

English teachers in China have seldom employed communicative teaching methodology. This paper reviews the research on communicative teaching in various areas, including the foundations of the approach, the principles, the methodology and some techniques as well as the test in communicative teaching. This paper argues that the essence of communicative approach is that the students are prepared to meet the need of communication in the real world and this approach has a positive effect on students＇ achievements. Accordingly, it is hoped that communicative teaching approach will be more widely used in China.

Optimal design of wavy microchannel heat sinks based on prediction and multi-objective optimization algorithm

In this paper,the multi-objective optimization of wavy microchannel heat sinks is performed by combining numerical calculation,prediction algorithm and genetic algorithm.In numerical calculation,the fluid-solid conjugate heat transfer of heat sinks with different parameters are simulated in Fluent.On this basis,the vari-able parameters and objective parameters are used to complete the training of neural network model,which aims to achieve accurate prediction of objective parameters.Finally,the multi-objective genetic algorithm is applied to find the Pareto front according to different requirements on the foundation of the prediction model.Results show that the coefficient of determination of the neural network models are all greater than 0.85,which proves that the prediction model has a high accuracy.The Pareto fronts are obtained by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(NSGA-II)with different objective parameters and they reveal that the channel with the optimal performance corresponds to a larger channel width or Reynolds number.In addition,it is also found the dimensionless temperature difference is correlated with Nusselt number.

Improvement of glucosinolates by metabolic engineering in Brassica crops

Glucosinolates(GSLs)are a class of sulfur-and nitrogen-containing and amino acid-derived important secondary metabolites,which mainly present in plants of Brassicaceae family,including Brassica crops,such as broccoli,cabbage,and oilseed rape.The bioactive GSL meta bolites confer benefits to plant defense,human health,and the unique flavor of some Brassica crops.However,certain GSL profiles have adverse effects and are known as anti-nutritional factors.This has attracted mounting attempts to increase beneficial GSLs and reduce detrimental ones in the most commonly consumed Brassica crops.We provide a comprehensive overview of metabolic engineering applied in Brassica crops to achieve this purpose,including modulation of GSL biosynthesis,ablation of GSL hydrolysis,inhibition of GSL transport processes,and redirection of meta bolic flux to GSL.Moreover,advances in omics approaches,i.e,genomics,transcriptome,and metabolome,applied in the elucidation of GSL metabolism in Brassica crops,as well as promising and potential genome-editing technologies are also discussed.

PCA-U-Net based breast cancer nest segmentation from microarray(jj)hyperspectral images

The incidence of breast cancer is tending younger globally,and tumor development,clinical treatment,and prognosis are largely influenced by histopathological diagnosis.For diagnosed patients,the distinction between the cancer nests and normal tissue is the basis of breast cancer treatment.Microscopic hyperspectral imaging technology has shown its potential in auxiliary pathological examinations due to the superior imaging modality and data characteristics.This paper presents a method for cancer nest segmentation from hyperspectral images of breast cancer tissue microarray samples.The scheme combines the strengths of the U-Net neural network and unsupervised principal component analysis,which reduces the amount of calculation and improves the recognition accuracy.The experimental accuracy of cancer nest segmentation reaches 87.14%.Furthermore,a set of quantitative pathological characteristic parameters reflects the degree of breast cancer lesions from multiple angles,providing a relatively comprehensive reference for the pathologist’s diagnosis.In-depth exploration of the combined development of deep learning and microscopic hyperspectral imaging technology is worthy to promote efficient diagnosis of breast tumors and concern for human health.

Distinctive phosphorylation pattern during mitotic exit network(MEN)regulation is important for the development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae

The mitotic exit network(MEN)pathway is a vital kinase cascade regulating the timely and correct progress of cell division.In the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,the MEN pathway,consisting of conserved protein kinases MoSep1 and MoMob1-MoDbf2,is important in the development and pathogenicity of the fungus.We found that deletion of MoSEP1 affects the phosphorylation of MoMob1,but not MoDbf2,in contrast to what was found in the buddy yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae,and verified this finding by in vitro phosphorylation assay and mass spectrom-etry(MS)analysis.We also found that S43 residue is the critical phosphor-site of MoMob1 by MoSep1,and proved that MoSep1-dependent MoMob1 phosphorylation is essential for cell division during the development of M.oryzae.We further provided evidence demonstrating that MoSep1 phosphorylates MoMob1 to maintain the cell cycle during vegetative growth and infection.Taken together,our results revealed that the MEN pathway has both distinct and conservative functions in regulating the cell cycle during the development and pathogenesis of M.oryzae.