Polymer Fiber Rigid Network with High Glass Transition Temperature Reinforces Stability of Organic Photovoltaics

Organic photovoltaics(OPVs)need to overcome limitations such as insufficient thermal stability to be commercialized.The reported approaches to improve stability either rely on the development of new materials or on tailoring the donor/acceptor morphology,however,exhibiting limited applicability.Therefore,it is timely to develop an easy method to enhance thermal stability without having to develop new donor/acceptor materials or donor–acceptor compatibilizers,or by introducing another third component.Herein,a unique approach is presented,based on constructing a polymer fiber rigid network with a high glass transition temperature(T_(g))to impede the movement of acceptor and donor molecules,to immobilize the active layer morphology,and thereby to improve thermal stability.A high-T_(g) one-dimensional aramid nanofiber(ANF)is utilized for network construction.Inverted OPVs with ANF network yield superior thermal stability compared to the ANF-free counterpart.The ANF network-incorporated active layer demonstrates significantly more stable morphology than the ANF-free counterpart,thereby leaving fundamental processes such as charge separation,transport,and collection,determining the device efficiency,largely unaltered.This strategy is also successfully applied to other photovoltaic systems.The strategy of incorporating a polymer fiber rigid network with high T_(g) offers a distinct perspective addressing the challenge of thermal instability with simplicity and universality.

Advances in biomineralization-inspired materials for hard tissue repair

Biomineralization is the process by which organisms form mineralized tissues with hierarchical structures and excellent properties,including the bones and teeth in vertebrates.The underlying mechanisms and pathways of biomineralization provide inspiration for designing and constructing materials to repair hard tissues.In particular,the formation processes of minerals can be partly replicated by utilizing bioinspired artificial materials to mimic the functions of biomolecules or stabilize intermediate mineral phases involved in biomineralization.Here,we review recent advances in biomineralization-inspired materials developed for hard tissue repair.Biomineralization-inspired materials are categorized into different types based on their specific applications,which include bone repair,dentin remineralization,and enamel remineralization.Finally,the advantages and limitations of these materials are summarized,and several perspectives on future directions are discussed.

Rare-Earth Chalcogenides:A Large Family of Triangular Lattice Spin Liquid Candidates

Frustrated quantum magnets are expected to host many exotic quantum spin states like quantum spin liquid（QSL）, and have attracted numerous interest in modern condensed matter physics. The discovery of the triangular lattice spin liquid candidate YbMgGaO_4 stimulated an increasing attention on the rare-earth-based frustrated magnets with strong spin-orbit coupling. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a large family of rare-earth chalcogenides AReCh_2（A = alkali or monovalent ions, Re = rare earth, Ch = O,S,Se）. The family compounds share the same structure（R3 m） as YbMgGaO_4,and antiferromagnetically coupled rare-earth ions form perfect triangular layers that are well separated along the c-axis. Specific heat and magnetic susceptibility measurements on NaYbO_2,NaYbS_2 and NaYbSe_2 single crystals and polycrystals, reveal no structural or magnetic transition down to 50 mK. The family, having the simplest structure and chemical formula among the known QSL candidates, removes the issue on possible exchange disorders in YbMgGaO_4. More excitingly, the rich diversity of the family members allows tunable charge gaps, variable exchange coupling, and many other advantages.This makes the family an ideal platform for fundamental research of QSLs and its promising applications.

Two-in-one strategy:a remineralizing and anti-adhesive coating against demineralized enamel

Tooth enamel is prone to be attacked by injurious factors,leading to a de/remineralization imbalance.To repair demineralized enamel and prevent pulp inflammation caused by biofilm accumulation,measures are needed to promote remineralization and inhibit bacterial adhesion on the tooth surface.An innovative material,poly(aspartic acid)-polyethylene glycol(PASP-PEG),was designed and synthesized to construct a mineralizing and anti-adhesive surface that could be applied to repair demineralized enamel.A cytotoxicity assay revealed the low cytotoxicity of synthesized PASP-PEG.Adsorption results demonstrated that PASPPEG possesses a high binding affinity to the hydroxyapatite(HA)/tooth surface.In vitro experiments and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)demonstrated a strong capacity of PASP-PEG to induce in situ remineralization and direct the oriented growth of apatite nanocrystals.Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD)and Vickers hardness tests demonstrated that minerals induced by PASP-PEG were consistent with healthy enamel in Ca/P ratio,crystal form and surface micro-hardness.Contact angle tests and bacterial adhesion experiments demonstrated that PASP-PEG yielded a strong antiadhesive effect.In summary,PASP-PEG could achieve dual effects for enamel repair and anti-adhesion of bacteria,thereby widening its application in enamel repair.

Finite Temperature Magnetism in the Triangular Lattice Antiferromagnet KErTe_(2)

After the discovery of the ARECh_(2)(A=alkali or monovalent ions,RE=rare-earth,Ch=chalcogen)triangular lattice quantum spin liquid(QSL)family,a series of its oxide,sulfide,and selenide counterparts has been consistently reported and extensively investigated.While KErTe_(2) represents the initial synthesized telluride member,preserving its triangular spin lattice,it was anticipated that the substantial tellurium ions could impart more pronounced magnetic attributes and electronic structures to this material class.This study delves into the magnetism of KErTe_(2) at finite temperatures through magnetization and electron spin resonance(ESR)measurements.Based on the angular momentum J after spin-orbit coupling(SOC)and symmetry analysis,we obtain the magnetic effective Hamiltonian to describe the magnetism of Er^(3+)in R3m space group.Applying the mean-field approximation to the Hamiltonian,we can simulate the magnetization and magnetic heat capacity of KErTe_(2) in paramagnetic state and determine the crystalline electric field(CEF)parameters and partial exchange interactions.The relatively narrow energy gaps between the CEF ground state and excited states exert a significant influence on the magnetism.For example,small CEF excitations can result in a significant broadening of the ESR linewidth at 2 K.For the fitted exchange interactions,although the values are small,given a large angular momentum J=15/2 after SOC,they still have a noticeable effect at finite temperatures.Notably,the heat capacity data under different magnetic fields along the𝑐axis direction also roughly match our calculated results,further validating the reliability of our analytical approach.These derived parameters serve as crucial tools for future investigations into the ground state magnetism of KErTe_(2).The findings presented herein lay a foundation for exploration of the intricate magnetism within the triangular-lattice delafossite family.

Bioinspired mineral-in-shell nanoarchitectonics:Functional empowerment of mineral precursors for guiding intradentinal mineralization

Effective mineralization of biological structures poses a significant challenge in hard tissue engineering as it necessitates overcoming geometric complexities and multistep biomineralization processes.In this regard,we propose“mineral-in-shell nanoarchitectonics”,inspired by the nanostructure of matrix vesicles,which can influence multiple mineralization pathways.Our nanostructural design empowers mineral precursors with tailorable properties through encapsulating amorphous calcium phosphate within a multifunctional tannic acid(TA)and silk fibroin(SF)nanoshell.The bioinspired nanosystem facilitates efficient recruitment of mineral precursors throughout the dentin structures,followed by large-scale intradentinal mineralization both in vitro and in vivo,which provides persistent protection against external stimuli.Theoretical simulations combined with experimental studies attribute the success of intradentinal mineralization to the TA-SF nanoshell,which exhibits a strong affinity for the dentin structure,stabilizing amorphous precursors and thereby facilitating concomitant mineral formation.Overall,this bioinspired mineral-in-shell nanoarchitectonics shows a promising prospect for hard tissue repair and serves as a blueprint for next-generation biomineralization-associated materials.

Recent Strategies and Advances in Hydrogel‑Based Delivery Platforms for Bone Regeneration

Bioactive molecules have shown great promise for effectively regulating various bone formation processes,rendering them attractive therapeutics for bone regeneration.However,the widespread application of bioactive molecules is limited by their low accumulation and short half-lives in vivo.Hydrogels have emerged as ideal carriers to address these challenges,offering the potential to prolong retention times at lesion sites,extend half-lives in vivo and mitigate side effects,avoid burst release,and promote adsorption under physiological conditions.This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in the development of bioactive molecule-loaded hydrogels for bone regeneration,encompassing applications in cranial defect repair,femoral defect repair,periodontal bone regeneration,and bone regeneration with underlying diseases.Additionally,this review discusses the current strategies aimed at improving the release profiles of bioactive molecules through stimuli-responsive delivery,carrier-assisted delivery,and sequential delivery.Finally,this review elucidates the existing challenges and future directions of hydrogel encapsulated bioactive molecules in the field of bone regeneration.

Ectopic mineralization-inspired cell membrane-based matrix vesicle analogs for in-depth remineralization of dentinal tubules for treating dentin hypersensitivity

The invasion of etched dentinal tubules(DTs)by external substances induces dentin hypersensitivity(DH).The deep and compact occlusion of DTs is highly desirable for treating DH but still challenging due to the limited penetrability and mineralization capacities of most current desensitizers.Matrix vesicles(MVs)participate in the regulation of ectopic mineralization.Herein,ectopic MV analogs are prepared by employing natural cell membranes to endow mineral precursors with natural biointerfaces and integrated biofunctions for stimulating dentin remineralization.The analogs quickly access DTs(>20μm)in only 5 min and further penetrate deep into the interior of DTs(an extraordinary~200μm)in 7 days.Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirm that the DTs are efficiently sealed by the newly formed minerals(>50μm)with excellent resistance to wear and acid erosion,which is significantly deeper than most reported values.After repair,the microhardness of the damaged dentin can be recovered to those of healthy dentin.For the first time,cell membrane coating nanotechnology is used as a facile and efficient therapy for in-depth remineralization of DTs in treating DH with thorough and long-term effects,which provides insights into their potential for hard tissue repair.

Resisting Protein but Promoting Cell Adhesion by Choline Phosphate:A Comparative Study with Phosphorylcholine

Zwitterionic materials are now widely used to fabricate various functionalized surfaces for biomedical applications due to their excellent non-fouling properties.However,a newly-discovered zwitterionic material,choline phosphate(CP),was reported to be cell-adhesive,which makes it different from traditional non-fouling zwitterionic materials such as sulfobetaine,carboxybetaine and phosphorylcholine(PC).To further investigate the properties of CP,a comparative study was conducted and the widely-reported zwitterionic PC was employed as a control which has the same chemical component but opposite orientation of charged groups with CP.For this purpose,CP and PC-functionalized surfaces were prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization(Si-ATRP),and their non-fouling properties were probed by protein adsorption and eukaryotic cell adhesion measurement.Results showed that CP-functionalized surfaces exhibited almost equivalent amounts of adsorbed proteins to that of PC,but they were more beneficial to cells initial adhesion and further spreading in serum-free medium,indicating that CP had a promising prospect of application in tissue engineering.

Advances of cyclodextrin polymers for the delivery of biotech drugs

Currently,biological drugs such as gene,protein,and monoclonal antibody are widely applied in the clinic due to their excellent effectiveness.However,they still have some problems,including poor solubility,instability,toxicity,and weak capability to cross cell membranes.Owing to the specific structure of cyclodextrins(CDs)and the advantage of polymeric backbones,various cyclodextrin polymers(CDPs)have been designed as delivery systems for biotech drugs.In this review,after a brief introduction on CDPs and discussion of their physicochemical and biological properties,we will focus on recent advances in the use of CDPs for the delivery of biotech drugs.This review highlights the structure-function relationship of CDPs to their performance in biotech drug delivery.Finally,an outlook will be proposed on the developing trends and challenge in this field.

Supramolecular assembly of Cp1-11 peptide and insulin for rapid-acting formulation

In order to improve the life quality of diabetic patients,it is very important to develop rapid-acting insulin formulations that can mimic the physiological meal-time secretion profile of insulin in healthy people.Although several insulin analogues have been designed to provide postprandial glycemic control,still there are some serious disadvantages.A supramolecular strategy is presented here to inhibit insulin aggregation and improve its bioactivity by using Cp1-11 peptide.As a fragment of C-peptide in proinsulin,Cp1-11 peptide was found to influence insulin oligomerization by supramolecular interactions.This work demonstrates that the Cp1-11 peptide can interact with oligomeric insulin and facilitate its disaggregation into the physiologically active monomeric form.Computer simulation indicates that Cp1-11 can insert into the space between the C-terminal tail and the N-terminal helix of the B-chain of insulin,causing dissociation of the insulin dimer.The supramolecular assembly of Cp1-11 and insulin can improve the bioavailability and therapeutic effect of insulin on the control of in vivo blood glucose levels.These results suggest that Cp1-11 peptide can modulate the intermolecular interaction of aggregated insulin and prevent the transition from monomeric to multimeric states,and shows great potential for the development of an effective rapid-acting strategy to treat diabetes.

Smart drug delivery system based on nanocelluloses

Nanocelluloses,also referred as nano-structured cellulose,including cellulose nanocrystals(CNC),cellulose nanofibrils(CNF)and bacterial cellulose(BC),are a family of abundant biomass and renewable materials in nature.Because of their excellent physical,mechanical,and biological properties,in particular biocompatibility,biodegradability,and low cytotoxicity,nanocelluloses have become indispensable for the design of new biomaterials.

Green eutectogel with antibacterial-sensing integration for infected wound treatment

Hydrogels,a class of highly hydrated materials mimicking the extracellular matrix,offer tunable mechanical properties and serve as versatile platforms for functionalization,which have been used for wound dressing to prevent infection and fluid loss.However,their inherent moisture evaporation hampers both storage stability and service life in practical applications.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs),as a category of eco-friendly solvents,exhibit low vapor pressure,good conductivity,biodegradability,non-flammability,and affordability.Eutectogels using DESs as a solvent not only retain the mechanical strength and functionality of hydrogel systems but also circumvent the limitations imposed by water evaporation in conventional hydrogels,which presents a promising direction and material framework for more personalized and efficacious wound management strategies.In this study,we have successfully synthesized a novel ternary deep eutectic solvent composed of glycerol,zinc chloride,and choline chloride,and subsequently incorporated polymerizable double bonds to fabricate an eco-friendly,antimicrobial-sensing eutectogel.This gel possesses a unique combination of high mechanical strength,universal adhesion capabilities,persistent bactericidal activity,superior sensing properties,and excellent biocompatibility.Its potential application as a wound dressing was explored,with results demonstrating the ability of eutectogel to accelerate wound healing and prevent bacterial colonization at the wound site.These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation and a promising material platform for the development of next-generation intelligent wound dressings.

Antibacterial and antioxidant bifunctional hydrogel based on hyaluronic acid complex MoS_(2)-dithiothreitol nanozyme for treatment of infected wounds

Wound repair is a complex physiological process that often leads to bacterial infections,which significantly threaten human health.Therefore,developing wound-healing materials that promote healing and prevent bacterial infections is crucial.In this study,the coordination interaction between sulfhydryl groups on dithiothreitol(DTT)and MoS_(2)nanosheets is investigated to synthesize a MoS_(2)-DTT nanozyme with photothermal properties and an improved free-radical scavenging ability.Double-bond-modified hyaluronic acid is used as a monomer and is cross-linked with a PF127-DA agent.PHMoD is prepared in coordination with MoS_(2)-DTT as the functional component.This hydrogel exhibits antioxidant and antibacterial properties,attributed to the catalytic activity of catalase-like enzymes and photothermal effects.Under the near-infrared(NIR),it exhibits potent antibacterial effects against gram-positive(Staphylococcus aureus)and gram-negative bacteria(Escherichia coli),achieving bactericidal rates of 99.76%and 99.42%,respectively.Furthermore,the hydrogel exhibits remarkable reactive oxygen species scavenging and antioxidant capabilities,effectively countering oxidative stress in L929 cells.Remarkably,in an animal model,wounds treated with the PHMoD(2.0)and NIR laser heal the fastest,sealing completely within 10 days.These results indicate the unique biocompatibility and bifunctionality of the PHMoD,which make it a promising material for wound-healing applications.

The Experimental Study on Regenerative Heat Transfer in High Temperature Air Combustion

For the purpose of decomposing the processing gases CF4 from semiconductor manufacturers, ceramic honeycomb regenerative burner system is suggested by using the principle of HTAC. A simulated high temperature air combustion furnace has been used to determine the features of HTAC flames and the results of the decomposition of CF4. The preheat air temperature of it is above 900℃. The exhaust gas released into the atmosphere is lower than 150℃. Moreover, the efficiency of recovery of waste heat is higher than 80%, the NOx level in exhaust gas is less than 198 mg/m3 and the distribution of temperature in the furnace is nearly uniform. The factors influencing on heat transfer, temperature profile in chamber and NOX emission were discussed. Also some CF4 can be decomposed in this system.

Synthesis and antibacterial characterization of waterborne polyurethanes with gemini quaternary ammonium salt

To obtain an aqueous polymer system with good antibacterial properties, a series of gemini waterborne polyurethanes （GWPU） were designed and synthesized using isophorone diisocyanate, polyoxytetramethylene glycol, poly（ethylene glycol）, L-lysine and a novel L-lysine-derivatized diamine containing gemini quaternary ammonium salt （EG12） without any other organic agent involved in the whole synthetic process. EG12 was first synthesized and characterized with proton nuclear mag- netic resonance spectra and mass spectra. The antibacterial activities of EG12 and GWPU were evaluated by quanti- fying the minimal inhibitory concentration. The results indicated that the gemini quaternary ammonium chain extender EG12 and GWPU showed excellent antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This work provides a new and facile approach to prepare novel antibacterial materials, which could be applied as coatings in various fields to prevent microbial contamination.

Tumor Microenvironment-Adaptive Nanoplatform Synergistically Enhances Cascaded Chemodynamic Therapy

Chemodynamic therapy(CDT),a noninvasive strategy,has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy for treating tumors.However,its therapeutic effect is limited by the amount of H_(2)O_(2),pH value,the hypoxic environment of tumors,and it has suboptimal tumor-targeting ability.In this study,tumor cell membrane-camouflaged mesoporous Fe_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles loaded with perfluoropentane(PFP)and glucose oxidase(GOx)are used as a tumor microenvironment-adaptive nanoplatform(M-mFeP@O_(2)-G),which synergistically enhances the antitumor effect of CDT.Mesoporous Fe_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles are selected as inducers for photothermal and Fenton reactions and as nanocarriers.GOx depletes glucose within tumor cells for starving the cells,while producing H2O2 for subsequent⋅OH generation.Moreover,PFP,which can carry O_(2),relieves hypoxia in tumor cells and provides O_(2) for the cascade reaction.Finally,the nanoparticles are camouflaged with osteosarcoma cell membranes,endowing the nanoparticles with homologous targeting and immune escape abilities.Both in vivo and in vitro evaluations reveal high synergistic therapeutic efficacy of M-mFeP@O_(2)-G,with a desirable tumor-inhibition rate(90.50%),which indicates the great potential of this platform for clinical treating cancer.

Antibacterial Nanoparticles with Universal Adhesion Function Based on Dopamine and Eugenol

In this work,dopamine methacrylamide(DMA)and eugenyl methacrylate(EMA)were used to synthesize polymeric particles of Poly(DMA-co-EMA)by free radical precipitation copolymerization.These two monomers were modified from dopamine(consisting of the catechol moieties adhering to various materials)and eugenol(with antibacterial property),respectively.The proton nuclear magnetic resonance(^(1)H NMR)and Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy were applied to confirm the successful synthesis of the two monomers and copolymer.The scanning electron microscope(SEM)images showed the size and morphology of the polymer particles.The results indicated that regular particles with uniform size could be obtained with a monomer feeding ratio of 5꞉5.The results of antibacterial activity test indicated that the obtained polymer particles have an antibacterial rate over 90%to Eugenia coli.

About the Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts (JBB)

The Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts(JBB)is devoted to publish high-quality peer-reviewed technical research articles on the science and technology related to bio-resources and bio-products.As the petroleum-based economy will be phasing out in a foreseeable period of time,the industrial and scientific societies are paying much attention to the renewable and sustainable resources:bioresources.