高职教育:育人环境与环境育人

高职院校要实现高质量发展,就必须优化育人环境、强化环境育人。育人环境是教育生态的系统映射,不仅反映了宏观环境系统与教育的交互关系,也反映了微观环境系统对教育的深刻影响;环境育人则是育人体系的物化结果,在物质基础之外还承载着课程、科研、实践、文化、网络、心理、管理、服务、资助、组织等诸多育人体系的"审美创造",并通过"审美移情"的心理机制,最终作用于"人"的培养。对于职业教育而言,校、企构成了育人的两大主体,而企业文化体现了职业环境的核心特征,要发挥企业育人的主体作用,还须导入企业文化,充分挖掘其环境育人的主体价值。

SISTER OF TM3 activates FRUITFULL1 to regulate inflorescence branching in tomato

Selection for favorable inflorescence architecture to improve yield is one of the crucial targets in crop breeding.Different tomato varieties require distinct inflorescence-branching structures to enhance productivity.While a few important genes for tomato inflorescence-branching development have been identified,the regulatory mechanism underlying inflorescence branching is still unclear.Here,we confirmed that SISTER OF TM3(STM3),a homolog of Arabidopsis SOC1,is a major positive regulatory factor of tomato inflorescence architecture by map-based cloning.High expression levels of STM3 underlie the highly inflorescence-branching phenotype in ST024.STM3 is expressed in both vegetative and reproductive meristematic tissues and in leaf primordia and leaves,indicative of its function in flowering time and inflorescence-branching development.Transcriptome analysis shows that several floral development-related genes are affected by STM3 mutation.Among them,FRUITFULL1(FUL1)is downregulated in stm3cr mutants,and its promoter is bound by STM3 by ChIP-qPCR analysis.EMSA and dual-luciferase reporter assays further confirmed that STM3 could directly bind the promoter region to activate FUL1 expression.Mutation of FUL1 could partially restore inflorescence-branching phenotypes caused by high STM3 expression in ST024.Our findings provide insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying inflorescence development in tomato.

资源受限的深度学习:挑战与实践

深度学习近年来取得了突出进展,然而,深度学习模型需要占用大量的与计算相关的资源,同时其学习过程需要大量的数据与标记,因此目前深度学习领域的一个热点是降低其对计算和数据资源的渴求,即研究资源受限的深度学习.本文首先分析深度学习对资源的渴求及其导致的挑战,然后分别从数据、标记、计算资源受限3个方面对目前的研究进展简要描述,并以我们在计算机视觉领域的研究实践为例进行较详细的介绍.

Minimal Gated Unit for Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent neural networks （RNN） have been very successful in handling sequence data. However, understanding RNN and finding the best practices for RNN learning is a difficult task, partly because there are many competing and complex hidden units, such as the long short-term memory （LSTM） and the gated recurrent unit （GRU）. We propose a gated unit for RNN, named as minimal gated unit （MCU）, since it only contains one gate, which is a minimal design among all gated hidden units. The design of MCU benefits from evaluation results on LSTM and GRU in the literature. Experiments on various sequence data show that MCU has comparable accuracy with GRU, but has a simpler structure, fewer parameters, and faster training. Hence, MGU is suitable in RNN＇s applications. Its simple architecture also means that it is easier to evaluate and tune, and in principle it is easier to study MGU＇s properties theoretically and empirically.

Local Government Debt, Factor Misallocation and Regional Economic Performance in China

This paper examines total factor efficiency and productivity performance by taking into account local government debt （LGD） in 31 Chinese provincial regions for the period 2000-2013. The results show that neglecting LGD may overstate economic performance in Chinese provinces. The eastern region shows better performance in single jactor efficiency and total factor efficiency than the non-eastern regions. The western region shows the worst total factor performance. The north-eastern region is the only region that has experienced a decline in total factor performance. The state-dominated, investment- driven development model may help technological progress across Chinese regions but could lead to significant factor misallocation. We argue that biases towards more state- dominated investment and land supply in less productive western, central and north- eastern regions, at the expense of investment and land supply in more productive eastern regions, have contributed to the recent slowdown in economic growth in China. Therefore, .further market-oriented reforms in factor markets should be considered in the future.

Environmental Efficiency and the Optimal Size of Chinese Cities

The spatial distribution of population and economic activities has tmportant tmpacts onboth economic growth and the environment. This paper uses a slack-based measure toestimate the total factor environmental efficiency （TFEE） of 286 Chinese prefectural-and-above cities for the period 2002-2013. In particular, the relationship between citysize and TFEE is investigated. The findings also show an inverted U-shaped relationshipbetween TFEE and city size, which implies an optimal city size of 16.68 million residentsin China. According to this estimate, most Chinese cities may be undersized due to themigration restrictions of the hukou registration system and, hence, suffer from greatenvironmental efficiency losses. The estimated low average TFEE value of Chinese citiesalso suggests the large potential for efficiency improvement. Thus, government policiesshould focus on relaxing migration restrictions and encouraging the development oflarge cities.

Code Attention: translating source code to comments by exploiting the code constructs

Appropriate comments of code snippets provide insight for code functionality, which are helpful for program comprehension. However, due to the great cost of authoring with the comments, many code projects do not contain adequate comments. Automatic comment generation techniques have been proposed to generate comments from pieces of code in order to alleviate the human efforts in annotating the code. Most existing approaches attempt to exploit certain correlations (usually manually given) between code and generated comments, which could be easily violated if coding patterns change and hence the performance of comment generation declines. In addition, recent approaches ignore exploiting the code constructs and leveraging the code snippets like plain text. Furthermore, previous datasets are also too small to validate the methods and show their advantage. In this paper, we propose a new attention mechanism called CodeAttention to translate code to comments, which is able to utilize the code constructs, such as critical statements, symbols and keywords. By focusing on these specific points, CodeAttention could understand the semantic meanings of code better than previous methods. To verify our approach in wider coding patterns, we build a large dataset from open projects in GitHub. Experimental results in this large dataset demonstrate that the proposed method has better performance over existing approaches in both objective and subjective evaluation. We also perform ablation studies to determine effects of different parts in CodeAttention.

GDSL esterase/lipases OsGELP34 and OsGELP110/OsGELP115 are essential for rice pollen development

Pollen exine contains complex biopolymers of aliphatic lipids and phenolics.Abnormal development of pollen exine often leads to plant sterility.Molecular mechanisms regulating exine formation have been studied extensively but remain ambiguous.Here we report the analyses of three GDSL esterase/lipase protein genes,OsGELP34,OsGELP110,and OsGELP115,for rice exine for-mation.OsGELP34 was identified by cloning of a male sterile mutant gene.OsGELP34 encodes an endoplasmic reticulum protein and was mainly expressed in anthers during pollen exine formation.osgelp34 mutant displayed abnormal exine and altered expression of a number of key genes required for pollen development.OsGELP110 was previously identified as a gene differentially expressed in meiotic anthers.OsGELP110 was most homologous to OsGELP115,and the two genes showed similar gene expression patterns.Both OsGELP110 and OsGELP115 proteins were localized in peroxisomes.Individual knockout of OsGELP110 and OsGELP115 did not affect the plant fertility,but double knockout of both genes altered the exine structure and rendered the plant male sterile.OsGELP34 is distant from OsGELP110 and OsGELP115 in sequence,and osgelp34 and osgelp110/osgelp115 mutants were different in anther morphology despite both were male sterile.These results suggested that OsGELP34 and OsGELP110/OsGELP115 catalyze different compounds for pollen exine development.

Time and phase synchronization using clutter observations in airborne distributed coherent aperture radars

Airborne Distributed Coherent Aperture Radar(ADCAR)is one of the most promising next-generation radars to significantly improve target detection and discrimination abilities.However,time and phase synchronization among unit radars should be done before an ADCAR is intended to cohere on a potential target.To address this problem,a time and phase synchronization technique using clutter observations is proposed in this paper.Clutter returns from different azimuths and elevations on the surface of the earth are employed to calibrate system uncertainties.Two stages are mainly considered:a scene registration among range-Doppler units from different transmit/receive pairs is performed to enhance the clutter coherence in the first stage,followed by a joint estimation of those synchronization errors in the second stage.To relieve the computational burden,a novel Separable and Sequential Estimation(SSE)method is provided to separate the unknowns at the sacrifice of a range-Doppler unit.Moreover,performance analyses including the clutter coherence ability,estimation lower bound,and signal coherence loss are also performed.Finally,simulation results indicate that ADCAR time and phase synchronization is realized by using our methods.

Lectin receptor kinase OsLecRK-S.7 is required for pollen development and male fertility

Pollen grains are covered by exine that protects the pollen from stress and facilitates pollination.Here we isolated a male sterile mutant s13283 in rice exhibiting aborted pollen with abnormal exine and defective aperture.The mutant gene encodes a novel plasma membrane-localized legume-lectin receptor kinase that we named OsLecRK-S.7.OsLecRK-S.7 was expressed at different levels in all tested tissues and throughout anther development.In vitro kinase assay showed OsLecRK-S.7 capable of autophosporylation.Mutation in s13283(E560K)and mutation of the conserved ATP binding site(K418E)both knocked out the kinase activity.Mass spectrometry showed Thr376,Ser378,Thr386,Thr403,and Thr657 to be the autophosphorylation sites.Mutation of individual autophosphorylation site affected the in vitro kinase activity to different degrees,but did not abolish the gene function in fertility complementation.oslecrk-s.7 mutant plant overexpressing OsLecRK-S.7 recovered male fertility but showed severe growth retardation with reduced number of tillers,and these phenotypes were abolished by E560K or K418E mutation.The results indicated that OsLecRK-S.7 was a key regulator of pollen development.

Identification of late-stage pollen-specific promoters for construction of pollen-inactivation system in rice

Large-scale production of male sterile seeds can be achieved by introducing a fertility-restoration gene linked with a pollen-killer gene into a recessive male sterile mutant.We attempted to construct this system in rice by using a late-stage pollen-specific(LSP)promoter driving the expression of maizeα-amylase gene ZM-AA1.To obtain such promoters in rice,we conducted comparative RNA-seq analysis of mature pollen with meiosis anther,and compared this with the transcriptomic data of various tissues in the Rice Expression Database,resulting in 269 candidate LSP genes.Initial test of nine LSP genes showed that only the most active OsLSP3 promoter could drive ZM-AA1 to disrupt pollen.We then analyzed an additional 22 LSP genes and found 12 genes stronger than OsLSP3 in late-stage anthers.The promoters of OsLSP5 and OsLSP6 showing higher expression than OsLSP3 at stages 11 and 12 could drive ZM-AA1 to inactivate pollen,while the promoter of OsLSP4 showing higher expression at stage 12 only could not drive ZM-AA1 to disrupt pollen,suggesting that strong promoter activity at stage 11 was critical for pollen inactivation.The strong pollen-specific promoters identified in this study provided valuable tools for genetic engineering of rice male sterile system for hybrid rice production.

Image categorization with resource constraints： introduction, challenges and advances

As one of the most classic fields in computer vi- sion, image categorization has attracted widespread interests. Numerous algorithms have been proposed in the community, and many of them have advanced the state-of-the-art. How- ever, most existing algorithms are designed without consider- ation for the supply of computing resources. Therefore, when dealing with resource constrained tasks, these algorithms will fail to give satisfactory results. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and in-depth introduction of recent develop- ments of the research in image categorization with resource constraints. While a large portion is based on our own work, we will also give a brief description of other elegant algo- rithms. Furthermore, we make an investigation into the re- cent developments of deep neural networks, with a focus on resource constrained deep nets.