Paradigm of Numerical Simulation of SpatialWind Field for Disaster Prevention of Transmission Tower Lines

Numerical simulation of the spatial wind field plays a very important role in the study of wind-induced response law of transmission tower structures.A reasonable construction of a numerical simulation method of the wind field is conducive to the study of wind-induced response law under the action of an actual wind field.Currently,many research studies rely on simulating spatial wind fields as Gaussian wind,often overlooking the basic non-Gaussian characteristics.This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the historical development and current state of spatial wind field simulations,along with a detailed introduction to standard simulation methods.Furthermore,it delves into the composition and unique characteristics of spatial winds.The process of fluctuating wind simulation based on the linear filter AR method is improved by introducing spatial correlation and non-Gaussian distribution characteristics.The numerical simulation method of the wind field is verified by taking the actual transmission tower as a calculation case.The results show that the method summarized in this paper has a broader application range and can effectively simulate the actual spatial wind field under various conditions,which provides a valuable data basis for the subsequent research on the wind-induced response of transmission tower lines.

On iterative learning control design for tracking iteration-varying trajectories with high-order internal model

In this paper, iterative learning control （ILC） design is studied for an iteration-varying tracking problem in which reference trajectories are generated by high-order internal models （HOLM）. An HOlM formulated as a polynomial operator between consecutive iterations describes the changes of desired trajectories in the iteration domain and makes the iterative learning problem become iteration varying. The classical ILC for tracking iteration-invariant reference trajectories, on the other hand, is a special case of HOlM where the polynomial renders to a unity coefficient or a special first-order internal model. By inserting the HOlM into P-type ILC, the tracking performance along the iteration axis is investigated for a class of continuous-time nonlinear systems. Time-weighted norm method is utilized to guarantee validity of proposed algorithm in a sense of data-driven control.

Effects of gap size on diversity of soil fauna in a Cunninghamia lanceolata stand damaged by an ice storm in southern China

Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook. is economically the most important tree species in southern China and has been cultivated in plantations on a large scale. This species is widely used in construction, furniture, utensils and shipbuilding. Soil fertility of C. lanceolata stands affects soil structure, porosity and nutrient availability, which causes changes in fauna activity. During January to February 2008, an ice storm caused extensive damage to C. lanceolata stands. Despite the environmental importance of soil fauna, basic information on the distribution and diversity of soil fauna in C. lanceolata stands after ice storm damage is lacking. To assess the response of soil fauna diversity and distribution to forest gaps following the ice storm, five small gaps （each 30-40 m^2）, five large gaps （each 80-100 m^2） and five canopy cover plots were selected within a 2-ha C. lanceolata stand. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 10 cm depth in March 2011 to measure soil fauna diversity and abundance. The abundance and community composition of the soil fauna varied with gap size. In canopy cover sites, the number of individuals was 2.0 and 5.2 times greater than in the small gaps and large gaps. Three taxa （Nematoda, Oribatida and lnsecta） of soil inver- tebrates occurred commonly, and Nematoda dominated the communities in all three habitat types. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Margalef diversity index, and Pielou evenness index were high in the small gaps, indicating that they harbored the most species, with the most even distribution, and the highest diversity. Our results indicated that gap size apparently affected abundance and community composition of the soil fauna.

Counting Method of Mangrove Pests Based on Infrared Thermography

In the field of plant protection,certain methods for assessing the current pest situation and implementing appropriate protection countermeasures can effectively protect plants while saving manpower and material resources.However,current pest monitoring methods are primarily based on the stage of"seeing,hand checking,disc shooting and net catching",and the level of automation is low.Manual methods are time-consuming,prone to error,and difficult to review.We designed a method based on infrared thermography principle for counting Ricania guttata(Walker),a pest which is harmful to mangrove plants.This method,which is based on thermal infrared images and binarized image segmentation,realizes image processing of surface temperature,effectively distinguishes pests and sticky board,automatically counts the number of pests,and expands the data source based on image processing.Furthermore,this method contributes to the solution of the problem that counting error of insect close to the color of sticky board is greater in image recognition of visible light,when the pest color is close to the stick board.It can facilitate manual investigation of mangrove pests,simply and efficiently count the number of pests on the stick board,and provide data and technical support for pest condition analysis and control.

Crystallization thermodynamics of 2,4(5)-dinitroimidazole in eleven pure solvents

2,4(5)-Dinitroimidazole(2,4(5)-DNI) is an important energetic material, and it is also an important precursor for the preparation of drugs and energetic materials. In this study, the solubility of 2,4(5)-DNI in eleven pure solvents(chlorobenzene, benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, water, isopropyl alcohol,ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, methanol, 1,4-dioxane and acetone) were measured by using a dynamic test method from 278.15 K to 323.15 K under 101.1 kPa. Four solubility models were used to fit the experimental data, which were ideal model, modified Apelblat equation, polynomial empirical equation, and λh equation. Meanwhile, the relative average deviation and root-mean-square deviation between the experimental data and the fitted data were also calculated. Furthermore, the three thermodynamic parameters,i.e., dissolution enthalpy, dissolution entropy and Gibbs energy were obtained based on solubility data.Finally, the crude product of 2,4(5)-DNI was crystallized with acetone as solvent, and the purity of the crystalline product was greater than 99.5%.

Accurate characterization of bubble mixing uniformity in a circular region using computational geometric theory

The present study proposes a novel method based on the geometric theory for measuring the distribution of bubble swarms in the circular region of a direct-contact heat exchanger.It was determined that the mixing is uniform when the average distance between the bubble swarms in the unit circular region is approximately 0.9054,which is the standard reference value.The effect of sample size(i.e.,the number of bubbles)on mixing uniformity was investigated to determine the optimal sample size.It was verified that the metric's accuracy and stability were higher with a sample size of 155.Accordingly,it was proposed to increase the sample size by filling irregular bubbles using a segmentation method,which enabled a further accurate assessment of the mixing uniformity.The mixing uniformity of bubble swarms in the circular region and its maximum internal connection with the square region was accurately quantified.It was revealed that the relative average error increased by approximately 3.47% due to information loss.The proposed method was demonstrated to be rotationally invariant.The present study provided novel insights into evaluating mixing uniformity,which would guide enhanced heat transfer and the effective evaluation of the spatiotemporal characteristics of transient mixing in circular regions or the cross-sections of chemical transport pipelines.

Source Analysis of Lithium Deposit in Dong-Xi-Taijinaier Salt Lake of Qaidam Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Dong-Xi-Taijinaier Salt Lake(DXTSL) of Qaidam Basin is known as one of rich lithium reserves in China.However,the source of lithium deposits in this region remains unclear.The hydrochemistry and lithium isotopes(δ7Li) of water and solid samples along the Nalenggele River catchment were studied in combination with rock leaching experiments.The results showed the hot springs in the upstream contained high content of lithium and ratio of Li × 1 000/total dissolved solids(1.5–3.5),but the lower δ7Li values(4.33‰–11.59‰),meaning that it is one important lithium sources.The leaching experiments by the rich-lithium volcanic rocks(average content of 474.7 mg/kg) showed that under temperature of 20–80 ℃ and long time duration(24–96 h),the concentration of lithium released by leaching of the sampled volcanic rocks increased from 0.58 to 1.49 mg/L,with the leaching rate decreasing from 0.024 to 0.015 mg/(L·h) and the corresponding lithium release rate increasing from 29% to 74%.Calculation based on water-salt balance showed that the total amount of lithium contribution from hydrothermal fluids and volcanic rock weathering is about 4.99 and 0.29 Mt since 13.1 ka,respectively.Therefore,hot springs and leaching of volcanic rocks are main contributors to lithium deposit in DXTSL.

基于0-1测试的底吹搅拌混合过程混沌特性分析

通过建立水力学模型研究底吹搅拌混合过程,利用流场可视化技术与直接成像技术获取实验图像数据,引入0-1测试方法,考察了喷枪布置方式（个数与角度）对混合过程混沌特性的影响.结果表明,基于颜色指示剂,利用数字图像处理手段可以近似估测混合过程的气含率,气含率演化规律符合实际工况运行特征;对各工况的气含率时间序列进行0-1测试,渐进增长率Kc中位数在一定程度上反映了不同混合过程的混沌强弱.

直接接触沸腾换热过程连续相特征提取及分布规律

利用支持向量机(SVM)理论构建了有机工质-导热油直接接触沸腾换热过程连续相特征提取方法,获得了导热油和气泡群两相流流型的拓扑结构。对9组正交实验工况获得的两相流图像分别进行连续相特征提取和同调群计算,得到量化连续相数量的1维和0维贝蒂数β1和β0用于粗略估计气泡群数量,并与传统数字图像处理方法的结果比较,对比了换热效率较好和较差情况下形态学开运算对SVM方法的影响,建立了两相流贝蒂数演化规律与换热效率的关联性,比较了传统方法获得的气泡群数量和SVM方法获得的连续相"洞"的数量的演化规律。结果表明,SVM结合贝蒂数方法不仅可准确量化导热油连续相,且可粗略地表征气泡分散相;L6工况(连续相导热油液位高度Z=0.5m、初始换热温差ΔT=120℃、分散相工质流率U0=0.04m/s、连续相导热油流率Uc=0.15kg/s)下连续相数量变化几乎重叠,相对波动较小,而L4工况(Z=0.5m,ΔT=80℃,U0=0.06m/s,Uc=0.3kg/s)下连续相数量偏离程度较大;SVM方法获得的连续相和气泡群个数演化曲线同步,且混合时间相同,β1和β0中位数偏离程度的局部最小值可作为性能指标之一,通过实验验证可优选出换热效果最好的工况。

Seasonal Interaction of River Water-Groundwater-Salt Lake Brine and Its Influence on Water-Salt Balance in the Nalenggele River Catchment in Qaidam Basin,NW China

Identifying interactions among river water,groundwater and salt lake brine is important for sustainable exploitation of brine mineral resources.In this study,we investigated the water exchange rate in dry and wet seasons,and assessed the influence of seasonal water exchange on brine concentration and crystallization process in the Nalenggele(NLGL)catchment of Qaidam Basin,China.The results show that the surface water infiltration and groundwater recharge rates in the wet season were 2.81×10^(-3)and 1.15×10^(-3)m^(3)/(s·m)in upstream,1.63×10^(-2)and 1.53×10^(-2)m^(3)/(s·m)in midstream,and 2.83×10^(-4)and 6.82×10^(-5)m^(3)/(s·m)in downstream,respectively;while their counterparts in the dry season were 9.81×10^(-4)and 5.05×10^(-4)m^(3)/(s·m)in upstream,and 8.34×10^(-3)and 7.78×10^(-3)m^(3)/(s·m)in midstream,respectively.The water exchange strongly influenced brine concentration and crystallinzation process,with brine chemistry belonging to 3K_(2)SO_(4)·Na_(2)SO_(4) and KCl types in wet and dry seasons,respectively.The strong water exchange in wet season destroyed the water-salt balance,while the low water exchange rate in dry season facilitated preparation of KCl products.

Condition-Based Spare Ordering Model for a Two-Stage Degrading System

Proper supply of spares is critical to guarantee safe operation,improve service quality and reduce maintenance costs.This paper proposes a condition-based spare ordering model for a two-stage degrading system,which consists of inflection point transfer process and two-stage degradation process with continuous degradation process and random external shocks.External shocks itself does not directly lead to system failure,but it will speed up the degradation process.In turn,degradation can also make the system more vulnerable to shocks.In general,the degradation rate at the defective stage is greater than that at the normal stage.The proposed model depends on system degradation process and spare lead-time.In order to achieve accurate maintenance and deal with emergency maintenance caused by system rapid degradation after inflection point transfer time,the model considers both the regular lead-time and expedited lead-time.Before inflection point transfer time,regular spare ordering policy is performed.After inflection point transfer time,expedited spare ordering policy is implemented.The decision variable of the model is the ordering time.The objective of this study is to determine the optimal ordering time such that the expected cost rate is minimized.Finally,a numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed model and sensitivity analysis on critical parameters is carried out.

Improving Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption of Additive Manufacturing Lattice Structure by Struts’Node Strengthening

The lattice structure has unique performance and superior deformation behavior,which effectively stimulates the design and application of new lattice structures.The development of additive manufacturing technology makes it easy and efficient to manufacture complex lattice structures.However,it has been found that excessively high stress concentration exists at the struts’nodes during the compression of lattice structure.Therefore,three node strengthening strategies were proposed to reduce stress concentration,which were adding fillet at nodes,using circular arc transition and changing the angle of nodes.Firstly,lattice structures were manufactured by selective laser melting technique.The surface morphology of the lattice structures was observed by scanning electron microscopy.Then,the stress distribution and deformation mechanism of different lattice structures were investigated by quasi-static compression experiments and numerical simulation.Finally,the Gibson–Ashby model was adopted to predict lattice structures’modulus and strength.And the energy absorptions of different structures were compared.The results revealed that the deformation mode of the optimized structures changed from shear failure to layer-by-layer collapse.Compared with the hourglass lattice structure and gradient lattice structure,the mechanical properties of curve lattice structure were improved the most.

Ballistic learning control: formulation, analysis and convergence

In this paper, we formulate and explore the characteristics of iterative learning in ballistic control problems. The iterative learning control （ILC） theory provides a suitable framework for derivations and analysis of ballistic control under learning process. To overcome the obstacles caused by uncertain gradient and redundant control input, we incorporate extra trials into iterative learning. With the help of trial results, proper control and updating direction can be determined. Then, iterative learning can be applied to ballistic control problem. Several initial state learning algorithms are studied for initial speed control, force control, as well as combined speed and angle control. In the end, shooting angle learning in the basketball shot process is simulated to verify the effectiveness of iterative learning methods in ballistic control problems.