SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development: Conventional vaccines and biomimetic nanotechnology strategies

The development of a massively producible vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),a novel coronavirus,is essential for stopping the current coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic.A vaccine must stimulate effective antibody and T cell responses in vivo to induce long-term protection.Scientific researchers have been developing vaccine candidates for the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)and Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)since the outbreaks of these diseases.The prevalence of new biotechnologies such as genetic engineering has shed light on the generation of vaccines against novel viruses.In this review,we present the status of the development of coronavirus vaccines,focusing particularly on the biomimetic nanoparticle technology platform,which is likely to have a major role in future developments of personalized medicine.

Solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of organic proton conducting salts incorporating imidazole and dicarboxylic acids

Solventless mechanochemical synthesis by manual grinding was applied to grow organic proton conducting salts,imidazole-succinic acid(C_(3)H_(4)N_(2)-HOOC(CH_(2))_(2)COOH)and imidazole-glutaric acid(C_(3)H_(4)N_(2)-HOOC(CH_(2))_(3)COOH).This synthesis method induces crystallization and provides the phase-pure compounds.The compounds exhibit different electric conducting behavior and activation energies Ea compared with the reported single crystals obtained from the solution method.The difference in conducting property can be related to intrinsic defects and structural disorder introduced by mechanochemical grinding,indicating that the mechanochemical method bears strong capability for tuning conductivities.Moreover,complete deuteration of the organic salts is achieved by the method.The mechanochemical synthesis of organic salts also holds high potential for the actual industrialized large-scale production.