他汀类药物治疗脂肪性肝病的研究进展

脂肪性肝病(fatty liver disease,FLD),简称脂肪肝,是临床常见的遗传-环境-代谢应激性肝脏疾病.临床上主要分为酒精性脂肪肝和非酒精性脂肪肝.若未进行积极干预,该病可进展为肝纤维化、肝硬化,甚至肝癌.他汀类药物,即3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A,HMG-CoA),通过抑制HMG-CoA的活性,显著降低血清胆固醇水平,临床常用于高胆固醇血症的治疗.有研究指出他汀类药物还具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗纤维化等作用,可能对FLD具有一定疗效.本文通过回顾现有他汀类药物治疗FLD的临床相关证据以指导临床用药.

The high-quality genome of lotus reveals tandem duplicate genes involved in stress response and secondary metabolites biosynthesis

Dear Editor,Lotus(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.),which has been domesticated and cultivated for several thousands of years and endowed with religious and cultural symbolism[1],belongs to the Nelumbo genus Nelumbonaceae family.As an early eudicot,it is not only essential for plant phylogeny but also widely used as a vegetable,a medic-inal herb,and for ornamental use.It contains abundant func-tional compounds,such as f lavonoids and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids(BIAs),which are used to treat diverse diseases.

Vesicular glutamate transporter-immunoreactivities in the vestibular nuclear complex of rat

Objective Aims to delineate the distribution profile of three isoforms of vesicular glutamate transporter （VGluT）, viz. VGluT1-3, and their cellular localization within vestibular nuclear complex （VNC）. Methods Brain sections from normal Sprague-Dawley rats were processed immunohistochemically for VGluT detection, employing avidinbiotinylated peroxidase complex method with 3-3＇-diaminobenzidine （DAB） as chromogen. Results The whole VNC expressed all of the three transporters that were observed to be localized to the fiber endings. Compared with VGluT1 and VGluT3, VGluT2 demonstrated a relatively homogeneous distribution, with much higher density in VNC. VGluT3 displayed the highest density in lateral vestibular nucleus and group X, contrasting with the sparse immunostained puncta within vestibular medial and inferior nuclei. Conclusion Glutamtatergic pathways participate in the processing of vestibular signals within VNC mainly through the re-uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles by VGluT1 and 2, whereas VGluT3 may play a similar role mainly in areas other than medial and inferior nuclei of VNC.

Comparative Metabolomics Analysis between Red- and White-Flowered Common Buckwheat Cultivars

Common buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum),a specialty crop in southwest China,is not only used as a supplement to primary grain crops but also to produce beverages,such as tea and wine.To fully exploit the products made from common buckwheat flower,ultra-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC–ESI–MS/MS)was conducted to analyze the metabolites in red-(‘Guihong 2’)and white-flowered(‘Fengtian 1’)buckwheat cultivars.A total of 784 metabolites were identified of which flavonoids were the largest group with 191 components,followed by organic acids and derivatives(126),and amino acids and derivatives(95).Besides,dozens of phenylpropanoids,nucleotides and derivates,lipids,alkaloids as well as several kinds of indole derivatives and sterides were detected.Among these rich varieties of metabolites,24 metabolites were only detected in the red flower that mainly included 8 anthocyanins and 6 flavones,while 22 metabolites were only detected in the white flower,which mainly contained 5 lipids,5 flavonoids,and 5 organic acids and derivatives.Our results enrich the metabolites’information of buckwheat and may be helpful for the exploitation of products from common buckwheat flowers.

Electrocatalytic synthesis of C-N coupling compounds from CO_(2) and nitrogenous species

The electrocatalytic synthesis of C-N coupling compounds from CO_(2) and nitrogenous species not only offers an effective avenue to achieve carbon neutral-ity and reduce environmental pollution,but also establishes a route to synthesize valuable chemicals,such as urea,amide,and amine.This innovative approach expands the application range and product categories beyond simple carbona-ceous species in electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,which is becoming a rapidly advancing field.This review summarizes the research progress in electrocatalytic urea synthesis,using N_(2),NO_(2)^(-),and NO_(3)^(-)as nitrogenous species,and explores emerging trends in the electrosynthesis of amide and amine from CO_(2) and nitro-gen species.Additionally,the future opportunities in this field are highlighted,including electrosynthesis of amino acids and other compounds containing C-N bonds,anodic C-N coupling reactions beyond water oxidation,and the catalytic mechanism of corresponding reactions.This critical review also captures the insights aimed at accelerating the development of electrochemical C-N coupling reactions,confirming the superiority of this electrochemical method over the traditional techniques.

Neuroprotective Autophagic Flux Induced by Hyperbaric Oxygen Preconditioning is Mediated by Cystatin C

We have previously reported that Cystatin C(CysC) is a pivotal mediator in the neuroprotection induced by hyperbaric oxygen(HBO) preconditioning; however,the underlying mechanism and how CysC changes after stroke are not clear. In the present study, we demonstrated that CysC expression was elevated as early as 3 h after reperfusion, and this was further enhanced by HBO preconditioning. Concurrently, LC3-II and Beclin-1, two positive-markers for autophagy induction, exhibited increases similar to CysC, while knockdown of CysC blocked these elevations. As a marker of autophagy inhibition, p62 was downregulated by HBO preconditioning and this was blocked by CysC knockdown. Besides, the beneficial effects of preserving lysosomal membrane integrity and enhancing autolysosome formation induced by HBO preconditioning were abolished in CysC-/-rats.Furthermore, we demonstrated that exogenous CysC reduced the neurological deficits and infarct volume after brain ischemic injury, while 3-methyladenine partially reversed this neuroprotection. In the present study, we showed that CysC is biochemically and morphologically essential for promoting autophagic flux, and highlighted the translational potential of HBO preconditioning and CysC for stroke treatment.

七氟烷预处理通过激活胞外信号调节激酶诱发兔脊髓缺血再灌注的急性耐受

背景七氟烷预处理对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤（I/R）的保护效应尚不明确。本研究拟通过短暂兔脊髓缺血模型来研究七氟烷预处理是否能够诱导脊髓急性缺血耐受，同时探讨胞外信号激酶（ERK）在其中的作用。方法为了研究七氟烷（Sev）预处理是否能够诱发急性缺血耐受，将新西兰大白兔随机分为三组。Sev组接受30分钟的3．7％七氟烷（1．0最低肺泡麻醉浓度）复合96％O2预处理；氧气（O2）组吸入30分钟的96％O2做为对照；假手术组接受相同的麻醉和手术，但不进行预处理或脊髓I／R。为了评估ERK在七氟烷预处理中的作用，大白兔被随机分为4组。在U0126＋O2、U0126＋Sev两组中，于预处理前20分钟静脉给予ERK抑制剂U0126；二甲基亚砜（DMSO）＋02、DMSO＋Sev两组在同一时点给予DMSO。预处理后1小时．阻断肾下腹主动脉施行脊髓I／R。再灌注后48小时采用改良Tarlov标准进行评估，取脊髓（k）节段进行组织病理学检查、TUNEL染色，蛋白印迹法检测磷酸化ERKI／2。结果与O2组比较，Sev组动物神经学评分高、正常运动神经元多（每一项比较P〈0．01）。-tDMSO＋Sev比较，U0126＋Sev组神经学评分较差、活力神经元减少、神经元凋亡增多、磷酸化ERKl／2减少（每一项比较P〈0．01）。DMSO＋02、U0126＋02、U0126＋Sev组间结果差异无显著性。结论本研究表明七氟烷预处理可诱导兔脊髓对I／R的急性耐受，这一作用可能与ERK激活有关。研究数据表明七氟烷预处理可能成为围术期脊髓I／R损伤的新保护措施。