One-year clinical efficacy evaluation of selective corneal wavefront aberration-guided FS-LASIK correction in patients with high myopia

AIM:To evaluate the effectiveness,safety,predictability,precision and changes of higher-order aberrations(HOAs)on corneal front surface of selective corneal wavefront aberration-guided femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(CW-FS-LASIK)in patients with high myopia 1-year postoperatively.METHODS:Totally 74 eyes of 37 patients with high myopia or myopic astigmatism in both the eyes who underwent the CW-FS-LASIK procedure in Xi’an Gaoxin Hospital from January 2021 to June 2021 were included.The changes of uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA),best corrected visual acuity(BCVA),spherical equivalent refraction(SER),astigmatism,HOAs and Strehl ratio(SR)on the anterior surface of the cornea after 1y of the surgery were analyzed.RESULTS:At postoperative 1y,the UDVA(logMAR)of 74 eyes(100%)reached 0 or better,including 0 in 8 eyes(10.81%),-0.1 in 45 eyes(60.81%),and-0.2 in 21 eyes(28.38%).The effectiveness index was 1.29±0.134.There was no decrease in postoperative BCVA compared with preoperative BCVA in all patients.Postoperative BCVA was the same in 44 eyes(59.46%)as preoperative BCVA,increased by 1 line in 23 eyes(31.08%)and increased by 2 lines in 7 eyes(9.46%)compared with preoperative BCVA.The safety index was 1.11±0.159.The estimated corrected SER before surgery was(-7.76±1.21)D,and the actual corrected SER was(-7.83±1.25)D(Y=0.9811X+0.2156,R2=0.9084).There was a high correlation between the estimated corrected SER and the actual corrected SER.The postoperative SER in 74 eyes(100%)was within±0.75 D.The postoperative astigmatism of all was within-0.75 D to 0.Root mean square(RMS)HOAs of spherical aberration and SR within 5 mm of the corneal front surface were all increased compared with those before operation(P<0.01).The total coma,horizontal coma and vertical coma were all decreased compared with those before operation(P<0.01).There was no statistically significant difference in horizontal trefoil and vertical trefoil compared with preoperative ones(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:Selective CW-FS-LASIK for correction of high myopia is effective,safe,predictive,and accurate.For patients with preoperative RMS HOAs over 0.25 defocus equivalent,postoperative coma aberration can be significantly reduced,and SR value can be increased,thus corneal imaging quality can be improved.

Changes in corneal biomechanics and posterior corneal surface elevation after FS-LASIK

AIM:To investigate the changes in corneal biomechanics and posterior corneal surface elevation after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK).METHODS:Totally 197 eyes of 100 patients who underwent the FS-LASIK from April 2022 to November 2022 were included.They were divided into three groups according to the ratio of residual corneal stroma thickness/corneal thickness(RCST/CT):Group I(50%≤RCST/CT<55%,63 eyes of 32 patients),Group II(55%≤RCST/CT<60%,67 eyes of 34 patients),and Group III(RCST/CT≥60%,67 eyes of 34 patients).The intraocular pressure(IOP),corneal compensated IOP(IOPcc),corneal hysteresis(CH)and corneal resistance factor(CRF)were measured immediately,1,and 3mo postoperatively by ocular response analyzer(ORA)and the posterior elevation difference(PED)was measured by Pentacam.RESULTS:After operation,IOP,CH,CRF,and PED were statistically different among the three groups(F=12.99,31.148,23.998,all P<0.0001).There was no statistically significant difference in IOPcc among the three groups(F=0.603,P>0.05).The IOP,IOPcc,CH,and CRF were statistical changed after surgery(F=699.635,104.125,308.474,640.145,all P<0.0001).The PED of Group I was significantly higher than that of Group II(P<0.05),and Group II was significantly higher than that of Group III(P<0.05).The PED value of 3mo after surgery decreased in each group compared with 1mo after surgery,but there was no statistical difference(Group I:t=0.82,P=0.41;Group II:t=0.17,P=0.87;Group III:t=1.35,P=0.18).The correlation analysis of corneal biomechanical parameter changes with PED at 1mo and 3mo after surgery showed thatΔIOP,ΔIOPcc,ΔCH,andΔCRF were not correlated with PED value in three groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The smaller the RCST/CT,the greater effect on corneal biomechanics and posterior surface elevation.There is no correlation between changes in corneal biomechanics and posterior corneal surface elevation in the range of RCST/CT≥50%.

Research on the Cultural Identity of International Students

With the deepening of educational internationalization in China,an increasing number of international students are choosing to pursue their studies in China.The training of international students should be based on the management mode of“convergence management.”Convergence management is a process involving multicultural exchange and interaction,and its essence lies in strengthening the cultural identity of international students.In this paper,the current status of international students’cultural identity is summarized,and several coping strategies are explored,with the goal of fostering outstanding international students possessing sound professional knowledge,global perspective,and Chinese feelings.

Sodium Aescinate Alleviates Neuropathic Pain in Rats by Suppressing the TLR4/NF KB Pathway Activation after Paclitaxel Chemotherapy

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a significant side effect of chemotherapeutic drugs. Many experiments have proved that sodium aescinate (SA) has definite pharmacological effects such as anti-infection, anti-exudation, anti-edema, anti-tumor as well as neuroprotection, and the drug side effects are mild. However, no study has explored whether SA is involved in the analgesic effect of paclitaxel (PAC) induced neuropathic pain in rats. Methods: Rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of PAC (2.5 mg/Kg intraperitoneally on days 1, 3, 5, and 7), while SA 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally was administered daily for 14 consecutive days. The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) of rats were examined on experimental days 3, 5, 7, 11, 14. All rats were sacrificed on day 15 of the experiment, and L4-6 spinal cords were removed. Subsequently, immunohistochemistry, HE staining, ELISA, RT-qPCR, Western blotting were applied to evaluate cytoskeletal protein expression (NF-L and NF-M), spinal nerve structural integrity, proinflammatory factor contents (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), and protein content of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, respectively. Results: After the rats developed PAC induced pain behaviors, multiple injections of SA rendered the rats with elevated MWT and TWL values, decreased expression of NF-L and NF-M in the spinal cord, materially downregulated content of proinflammatory factors, and reduced amounts of TLR4 and p-NF-κB protein levels. Conclusions: The results of the present study preliminarily indicate that SA has an analgesic effect on rats with CIPN induced by PAC injection, and the mechanism may be related to blocking the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory factors, and alleviating cytoskeletal disorders.

miR-362-3p Knockdown Triggers Inflammation to Promote Neuropathic Pain by Modulating JMJD1A Expression

Objective: When nerve injury or inflammatory injury, different miRNA-mediated signal pathways are activated or inactivated, causing pain or hyperalgesia. Therefore, miRNA has become a new direction of pain mechanism research. We aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of miR-362-3p on neuropathic pain in rats with chronic sciatic nerve injury (CCI). Methods: Neuropathic pain CCI rat model was established. Real-time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, immunofluorescence, intrathecal injection, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and dual luciferase reporter gene assays were used to explore the role of miR-362-3p in neuropathic pain development and the relationship between miR-362-3p and JMJD1A (Jumonji domain-containing 1A). Results: In the CCI group, the miR-362-3p level was increased and JMJD1A level was reduced in spinal cords and isolated microglia. The paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) values were increased, the secretion of inflammatory factors was reduced, and the microglial marker Iba1 expression was decreased after intrathecal administration of miR-362-3p. miR-362-3p was observed to target JMJD1A. JMJD1A elevation abolished the inhibitory effects of miR-362-3p on neuropathic pain development. Conclusion: Intrathecal administration of miR-362-3p significantly relieved neuropathic pain in CCI rats and inhibited neuroinflammation possibly through regulating JMJD1A.

Variation of soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass in poplar plantations of different genotypes and stem spacings

To improve the productivity of poplar planta- tions, a field experiment of split-plot design with four tree spacings and three poplar clones was established, and four soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass were monitored in the trial. Soil enzyme activities, in most cases, were significantly higher in topsoil （0-10 cm） than in lower horizons （10-20 cm）. Soil cellulase, catalase and protease activities during the growing season were higher than during the non-growing season, while invertase activity followed the opposite trend. Soil invertase, cellulase and catalase activities varied by poplar clone but soil protease activity did not. Cellulase and protease activities in the plantation at 5 × 5 m spacing were significantly higher than in the other spacings. The highest catalase activity was recorded at 6 × 6 m spacing. At the same planting density, invertase activity was greater in square spacings than in rectangular spacings. Soil microbial biomass was also significantly affected by seedling spacing and poplar clone. The mean soil MBC was significantly lower in topsoil than in the lower horizon, while MBN showed the opposite pattern. Significantly positive correlations were observed among soil cellulase, protease and catalase activities （p 〈0.01）, whereas soil invertase activity was negatively and significantly correlated with cellulase, protease and catalase activities （p 〈 0.01）. Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were not correlated except for a significantly negative correlation between soil MBC and catalase activities. Variations in soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass in different poplar plantations suggest that genotype and planting spacing should be considered when modeling soil nutrient dynamics and managing for long-term site productivity.

感染新型冠状病毒的2型糖尿病患者的临床特征和结果——一项回顾性研究

据报道,糖尿病及其相关的代谢性疾病是新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)患者的主要合并症。这项临床研究旨在调查有或没有合并糖尿病的COVID-19患者的临床特征、影像学和实验室检查、并发症、治疗方法以及临床结局。这项回顾性研究纳入2020年1月12日至3月25日208例经实验室确认的COVID-19的住院患者(≥45岁)。分析病历信息包括临床特征、影像学和实验室检查、并发症、治疗和临床结果。其中,96名(46.2%)患者患有2型糖尿病。在COVID-19合并2型糖尿病患者中,高血压(58.3%vs.31.2%)、冠心病(17.1%vs.8.0%)和慢性肾脏病(6.2%vs.0%)的共存率明显高于没有2型糖尿病的COVID-19患者。COVID-19合并2型糖尿病患者的CT胸部扫描异常频率和程度显著增加,包括毛玻璃样混浊(85.6%vs.64.9%,P<0.001)和双侧斑片状阴影(76.7%vs.37.8%,P<0.001)。此外,患有糖尿病的COVID-19患者的血糖水平[7.23 mmol·L^-1(IQR:5.80~9.29)vs.5.46 mmol·L^-1(IQR:5.00-6.46)]、血液中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)[2.21 mmol·L^-1(IQR:1.67~2.76)vs.1.75 mmol·L^-1(IQR:1.27~2.01)]和收缩压[130 mmHg(IQR:120~142)vs.122 mmHg(IQR:110~137),P<0.001]显著高于没有糖尿病的患者(P<0.001)。2型糖尿病和其他代谢性疾病共存于COVID-19患者中,这可能会增加发病率并加重COVID-19的病情。血糖和脂质代谢的最佳管理是确保更好的临床结果的关键。对于患有糖尿病及其他基础和慢性代谢性疾病的COVID-19患者,应提高临床警惕性。

Chinese herbal medicine for treatment of dislipidemia

dislipidemia 的流行在中国很快正在增加，在内并且在中国外面对为 hyperlipidemia 的处理的中草药有成长兴趣。在这篇文章，调整 9 植物或他们的摘录和在英语语言的文学被出版了的 5 草药的公式的效果的类脂化合物被考察。尽管从动物和人的证据一致地支持这些中草药的治疗学的活动，很少多中心大规模临床的审判被进行了证实功效并且评估他们的安全。

Astaxanthin Regulates PPAR-γ/NF-κB Pathway to Mitigate Nerve Injury after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats

Purpose: This research evaluates the efficacy of astaxanthin (AX) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and elucidates the potential mechanism of its neuronal protective effect. Methods: Rats were subjected to a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. Fifty grown male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 5 groups, including sham operation group (Sham), MCAO/R group, MCAO/R+AX group, MCAO/R+ AX+ Scramble group and MCAO/R+AX+ si-PPAR-γ group. The neurological score and cerebral infarction volume were evaluated after surgery. Rat microglia (RM) were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to form an inflammatory environment. LPS-induced RM cells were incubated with different concentrations of AX (1, 5 or 10 μg/mL), then cell viability, the expression of microglial activation markers, including cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and CD206 and the expression of PPAR-γ and phosphorylated P65 (p-P65) proteins were determined. Cells were treated with pcDNA-PPAR-γ, as well as treatment with si-PPAR-γ or PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 before AX treatment, and then cell activation mediators were tested. Results: AX inhibits LPS-induced RM cells activation and enhanced the expression level of PPAR-γ protein in way of dose-dependent, and pcDNA-PPAR-γ treatment had the same effect as AX. While si-PPAR-γ transfection or PPAR-γ suppressant GW9662 treatment reversed the effect of AX, and cut down the level of PPAR-γ protein and augmented the level of p-P65 protein. In addition, AX treatment alleviated the infarct volume, and sensorimotor and cognitive functions of MCAO/R model rats. Conclusion: AX alleviates LPS-induced microglial injury and has a protective effect on rat cerebral I/R injury by regulating the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway.

Regulatory effects of the combination of berberine and ginsenoside Rb1 on high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via AMPK pathway and improved pharmacokinetics

目的：评价小檗碱（BBR）联合人参皂苷Rb1（G-Rb1）对高脂饮食（HFD）诱导的大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病（NAFLD）的保护作用并阐明其作用机制.方法：大鼠给予高脂饮食6周,然后分别给予BBR（50mg/kg）,G-Rb1（100mg/kg）,BBR（50mg/kg）＋G-Rb1（100mg/kg）和非诺贝特（40mg/kg）治疗.通过组织学检查染色评估肝组织.在人肝癌细胞HepG2细胞系中,通过蛋白质印迹检测AMP-活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）蛋白的表达,定量PCR检测肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶1和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶mRNA的水平.药代动力学评估包括体内BBR和G-Rb1的生物利用度,以及体外肠道细菌的G-Rb1代谢.结果：根据肝脏甘油三酯含量分析和肝脏切片组织学评价,与单用组相比,BBR联合G-Rb1可显著改善HFD诱导的肥胖大鼠的肝脏脂肪堆积.在用BBR和G-Rb1处理的肝癌细胞HepG2中,肝脏AMPK的活化和ACC的磷酸化显着升高.与AMPK的活化一致,肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶1的mRNA表达被刺激,而3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶的转录被抑制.药代动力学分析显示BBR增加了SD大鼠G-Rb1的生物利用度.此外,BBR在体外防止粪便溶液中G-Rb1的降解.结论：BBR联合G-Rb1通过作用于AMPK信号通路改善NAFLD,BBR可通过促进G-Rb1在肠道吸收来增强G-Rb1生物利用度,小檗碱联用人参皂苷Rb1可能是治疗NAFLD的有效药物.

Advances in the therapeutic drugs of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Since December 2019,the outbreak of a new coronavirus that named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and caused coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has greatly threatened the public health and raised great concerns worldwide.In late December 2019,patients with COVID-19 were found in Wuhan,China.COVID-19 is an acute disease that causes the lesions in the lungs mainly,which develop into diffuse alveolar injury and pulmonary hyaline membrane formation to cause progressive respiratory failure in critically ill patients.Although specific drug therapies and vaccines have yet to be discovered,There're currently multiple medicines for the treatment of COVID-19 in the clinic.We have summarized the drugs widely used in the world,including remdesivir,chloroquine,favipiravir,lopinavir/ritonavir,ribavirin,some clinically adjuvant drugs and traditional Chinese medicines with great potential.In order to avoid the damage caused by immune disorders in COVID-19 patients,tocilizumab and dexamethasone plays an auxiliary role in fighting the epidemic.In this review,the potential effective drugs for COVID-19 will be summarized.

Political Economy of Global Environmental Governance Institutions:Future Collaborations between China and USA

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a reminder that a major public crisis on a global scale is an extreme problem facing all humanity.The global public crisis fundamentally threatens the security and common interests of all mankind.The increasingly serious climate and environment problems accompanying the large-scale industrialization have long held back all countries in the world,no matter affluent or poor.In recent years,2021 ranks as Earth’s fifth hottest year on record[1].The average global ocean temperature has broken historical records.The rise in temperature in 2021 is not a very accidental event.2020 tied with 2016 as the warmest year on record,with the past seven years being the hottest on record[2].

Mechanism of action of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in obesity

G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs)are a large family of membrane protein receptors,and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5)is a member of this family.As a membrane receptor,TGR5 is widely distributed in different parts of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating metabolism,including the processes of energy consumption,weight loss and blood glucose homeostasis.Recent studies have shown that TGR5 plays an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism disorders such as fatty liver,obesity and diabetes.With the global obesity situation becoming more and more serious,a comprehensive explanation of the mechanism of TGR5 and filling the gaps in knowledge concerning clinical ligand drugs are urgently needed.In this review,we mainly explain the anti-obesity mechanism of TGR5 to promote the further study of this target,and show the electron microscope structure of TGR5 and review recent studies on TGR5 ligands to illustrate the specific binding between TGR5 receptor binding sites and ligands,which can effectively provide new ideas for ligand research and promote drug research.

Deoxynivalenol accumulation and detoxification in cereals and its potential role in wheat-Fusarium graminearum interactions

Deoxynivalenol(DON)is a prominent mycotoxin showing significant accumulation in cereal plants during infection by the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum.It is a virulence factor that is important in the spread of F.graminearum within cereal heads,and it causes serious yield losses and significant contamination of cereal grains.In recent decades,genetic and genomic studies have facilitated the characterization of the molecular pathways of DON biosynthesis in F.graminearum and the environmental factors that influence DON accumulation.In addition,diverse scab resistance traits related to the repression of DON accumulation in plants have been identified,and experimental studies of wheat–pathogen interactions have contributed to understanding detoxification mechanisms in host plants.The present review illustrates and summarizes the molecular networks of DON mycotoxin production in F.graminearum and the methods of DON detoxification in plants based on the current literature,which provides molecular targets for crop improvement programs.This review also comprehensively discusses recent advances and challenges related to genetic engineering-mediated cultivar improvements to strengthen scab resistance.Furthermore,ongoing advancements in genetic engineering will enable the application of these molecular targets to develop more scab-resistant wheat cultivars with DON detoxification traits.

CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins in Fibrosis:Complex Roles Beyond Conventional Understanding

CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins(C/EBPs)are a family of at least six identified transcription factors that contain a highly conserved basic leucine zipper domain and interact selectively with duplex DNA to regulate target gene expression.C/EBPs play important roles in various physiological processes,and their abnormal function can lead to various diseases.Recently,accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aberrant C/EBP expression or activity is closely associated with the onset and progression of fibrosis in several organs and tissues.During fibrosis,various C/EBPs can exert distinct functions in the same organ,while the same C/EBP can exert distinct functions in different organs.Modulating C/EBP expression or activity could regulate various molecular processes to alleviate fibrosis in multiple organs;therefore,novel C/EBPs-based therapeutic methods for treating fibrosis have attracted considerable attention.In this review,we will explore the features of C/EBPs and their critical functions in fibrosis in order to highlight new avenues for the development of novel therapies targeting C/EBPs.

Effects of N-Linked Glycan on Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage,Infectivity,and Immune Response

Lassa virus(LASV)belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus(family Arenaviridae)and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans.The glycoprotein complex(GPC)contains eleven N-linked glycans that play essential roles in GPC functionalities such as cleavage,transport,receptor recognition,epitope shielding,and immune response.We used three mutagenesis strategies(asparagine to glutamine,asparagine to alanine,and serine/tyrosine to alanine mutants)to abolish individual glycan chain on GPC and found that all the three strategies led to cleavage inefficiency on the 2nd(N89),5th(N119),or 8th(N365)glycosylation motif.To evaluate N to Q mutagenesis for further research,it was found that deletion of the 2nd(N89Q)or 8th(N365Q)glycan completely inhibited the transduction efficiency of pseudotyped particles.We further investigated the role of individual glycan on GPC-mediated immune response by DNA immunization of mice.Deletion of the individual 1st(N79Q),3rd(N99Q),5th(N119Q),or 6th(N167Q)glycan significantly enhanced the proportion of effector CD4+cells,whereas deletion of the 1st(N79Q),2nd(N89Q),3rd(N99Q),4th(N109Q),5th(N119Q),6th(N167Q),or 9th(N373Q)glycan enhanced the proportion of CD8+effector T cells.Deletion of specific glycan improves the Th1-type immune response,and abolishment of glycan on GPC generally increases the antibody titer to the glycan-deficient GPC.However,the antibodies from either the mutant or WT GPC-immunized mice show little neutralization effect on wild-type LASV.The glycan residues on GPC provide an immune shield for the virus,and thus represent a target for the design and development of a vaccine.

Tendency of Student Mobility During Crises: The Sunk Cost Theory Moderated by Emotions and Family Decisions on Studying Overseas

Introduction It seems obvious that education(including both basic and higher education)is a commonplace for sunk cost.Parents pay tuitions in advance,purchase textbooks and school uniform,and send their children to tutors preparing for high-stake testing.Such prior investment accounts for a considerable proportion of family expenditures,especially for those who plan to send their children to study abroad.Their sunk costs include not only monetary expenditures but also behavioral choices such as early commitment to an international K–12 education that shuts down the pathway to domestic universities.Based on the classical sunk cost theory,those families are predictable to continue with the endeavor of studying overseas.Emotions such as the fear induced by the global outbreak of COVID-19 no doubt play a moderating role in the prediction of sunk cost effect.