IRE1α is essential for Xenopus pancreas development

Inositol requiring enzyme-1 （IRE1） is highly conserved from yeasts to humans. Upon the endoplasmic reticu- lum （ER） stress, IRE1 activates X-box-binding protein 1 （XBP1） by unconventionally splicing XBP1 mRNA, which activates the unfolded protein response （UPR） to restore ER homeostasis. In mice, IREla inactivity leads to embryonic death and IREla plays an essential role in extraembryonic tissues and the placenta. However, its precise action in the embryo proper is still unknown. In this study, the loss of function ana/ysis was performed to investigate the function of Xenopus IREla （xlREla） during pancreas development. Firstly, the complete open reading frame of xIRE1α was amplified and the expression pattern was detected. The effects of Xenopus IRE1α and XBP1 during embryo development were detected with whole-mount in situ hybridization. The results demonstrated that xIRE1α was much closer to human IREla when compared with their sequence alignment, xlREla was expressed strongly in developing pancreas and the knockdown of xIREla inhibited the differentiation and specification of the pancreas, xlREltt, which was required for cytoplasmic splicing of XBP1 pre-mRNA and XB- P1MO, also showed inhibitory effects on pancreas development. These results suggest that xlREla is essential for pancreas development during embryogenesis and functions via the XBP1 dependent pathway.

The Impact of Fitness between Consumers and Product-harm Crisis on the Online Dysfunctional Customer Behavior

With the popularization of the Internet,this technology has changed the form of information dissemination. The information will spread quickly when food product harm crisis happens,and the phenomenon that information of product-harm spills over is very common. This article is based on " Frustration- Misbehaving" research paradigm,combined with the information dissemination motivation theory,discusses that the fitness between the consumers and the crisis will promote consumers' dysfunctional customer behavior. The study found that the fitness between the consumers and the crisis has significant effect on consumers' dysfunctional customer behavior,perceived social damage has a mediator effect between fitness and consumers' misbehavior,and the moderating effect of consumers' aggression tendency is significant,but not the emotional tendency. The theoretical contribution and valuable implications of findings for communication of crisis management are discussed at last.

IRE1α knockdown rescues tunicamycin-induced developmental defects and apoptosis in Xenopus laevis

Inositol requiring enzyme-1 （IRE1） is highly conserved from yeasts to humans. Upon endoplasmic reticulum （ER） stress, IRE1 activates X-box-binding protein 1 （XBP1） by unconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA, which activates unfolded protein response （UPR） to restore ER homeostasis. In mice, IRE1α plays an essential role in extraembryonic tissues. However, its precise action during the early stage of development is unknown. In this study, the gain and loss-of-function analyses were used to investigate the function of Xenopus IRE1α （xIRE1α）. The effects of xIRE1α during embryo development were detected with RT-PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization. ER stress was induced by tunicamycin. The apoptofic cells were measured by TUNNEL assays. Although both gain and loss of xlRE1α function had no significant effect on Xenopus embryogenesis, knockdown of xIRE1α could rescue tunicamycin-induced developmental defects and apoptosis. The finding indicates that xIRE1α is not required for embryogenesis but is required for tunicamycin-induced developmental defects and apoptosis in Xenopus laevis.

CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins in Fibrosis:Complex Roles Beyond Conventional Understanding

CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins(C/EBPs)are a family of at least six identified transcription factors that contain a highly conserved basic leucine zipper domain and interact selectively with duplex DNA to regulate target gene expression.C/EBPs play important roles in various physiological processes,and their abnormal function can lead to various diseases.Recently,accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aberrant C/EBP expression or activity is closely associated with the onset and progression of fibrosis in several organs and tissues.During fibrosis,various C/EBPs can exert distinct functions in the same organ,while the same C/EBP can exert distinct functions in different organs.Modulating C/EBP expression or activity could regulate various molecular processes to alleviate fibrosis in multiple organs;therefore,novel C/EBPs-based therapeutic methods for treating fibrosis have attracted considerable attention.In this review,we will explore the features of C/EBPs and their critical functions in fibrosis in order to highlight new avenues for the development of novel therapies targeting C/EBPs.

The effect of geometric layout of exit on escape mechanism of crowd

In dense crowd evacuation,especially in emergencies such as fires,the safe evacuation of large public facilities will face major challenges.At the same time,as cluster congestion tends to occur in the space where the flow rate drops sharply,the superposition of fire incidents and bottleneck areas can easily evolve into malignant disasters and crowd stampedes with serious harm and influence.In this paper,Massmotion based on social force model is used to carry out a numerical simulation on exit position and corner exit form to find out the mechanism and influence law of the slight architectural adjustment on the flow at bottleneck.The results show that the traditional middle exit design is not the best,and the evacuation efficiency of the corner exit is higher than that of the middle exit.Compared with other corner exits,the average time interval between two adjacent persons passing through the bottleneck under the 30°corner exit is the shortest,and the probability of outlet clogging drops the fastest,exceeding 18%of the slowest descending speed.At the 0°corner exit,the waiting time cost of pedestrians is high and the risk of evacuation is high.The outcomes of this work can provide reference for the structural design of the building and the safe evacuation of personnel,so as to improve the evacuation efficiency and safety of pedestrians in the building to some extent.