Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis of Luffa Germplasm Resources in Zhejiang Province

In this study, 32 Luffa germplasm resources were collected from various regions in Zhejiang Province as experimental materials, to investigate 22 agronomic traits including fruit bearing habit, leaf margin, fruit ribbing and percentage of nodes with female flowers to total node. Based on the obtained experimental data, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out using DPS software. The results showed that 22 agronomic traits could be integrated into 5 principal components, with the cumulative contributive percentage of 81. 308%. According to the correlations between the first five principal components and traits, 14 traits with great influences were screened. On the basis of principal component analysis, cluster analysis of 32 Luffa germplasm resources was conducted, which divided Luffa cylindrica and Luffa acutangula into two categories and six subcategories by Euclidean genetic distances. This study provided scientific basis for the collection, preservation, identification, creation and utilization of Luffa germplasm and parent selection in cross breeding of Luffa.

Inter-correlation between Sunspot Oscillations and Their Internal Structures

Three-and five-minute oscillations are commonly observed in any sunspot.Because they are modulated by the internal thermal and magnetic structures of a sunspot,they could be used as an effective tool for researching sunspot seismology.In this paper,we investigate the properties of oscillations in sunspot groups with varying sizes and magnetic fields,and aim to establish the relationships between sunspot oscillations and its internal structure comparatively.We selected three groups of the unipolar sunspot with approximately axial-symmetric magnetic field and calculated their Fourier spectra based on the ultraviolet/extreme ultraviolet emission intensity variations recorded by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly.We found that the distribution of three-minute oscillation is defined by the joint effect of diverging magnetic field and the stratification of the sunspot atmosphere.Its distribution could be modified by any invading magnetic structures in the umbra.In contrast,the five-minute oscillations are more prominent in small spots,implying that five-minute oscillation is very closely connected with umbral dynamics.

Subfunctionalization of cation/proton antiporter 1 genes in grapevine in response to salt stress in different organs

Cation/proton antiporter 1(CPA1)proteins function as regulators of monovalent ions,pH homeostasis,and other developmental processes in plants.Better understanding of the expression and regulation of CPA1 in plant responses to salinity would help the development of scientific practices in crops worldwide.In this report,we characterized all seven CPA1 family genes in grapevine(Vitis vinifera)in response to short-term osmotic and NaCl stresses.We found that two of the seven genes have subfunctionalized to be differentially expressed in response to NaCl stress in the early stage in different organs,whereas the other five members seem to play little or no role in this response.Specifically,VIT_19s0090g01480 may control Na+compartmentalization in grapevine roots;and VIT_05s0020g01960 may influence Na+transfer in stems.Based on the dynamics of ion concentrations,electrolyte leakage rates,and CPA1 gene expression in root,stem,and leaf tissues under osmotic and NaCl stresses,we suggest how grapevine responds physiologically and molecularly to the osmotic and ion toxicity of NaCl stress in the short term.This work lays a foundation for future research on the CPA1 gene family regarding its evolutionary history and biological functions for modulating salt responses in grapevine.