Improving tree health assessment accuracy at low temperatures:considering the effect of trunk ice content on electrical resistance and stress wave tomography

Accurate decay detection and health assessment of trees at low temperatures is an important issue for forest management and ecology in cold areas.Low temperature ice formation on tree health assessment is unknown.Because electric resistance tomography and stress wave tomography are two widely used methods for the detection of tree decay,this study investigated the effect of ice content on trunk electrical resistance and stress wave velocity to improve tree health assessment accuracy.Moisture content,trunk electrical resistance and stress wave velocity using time domain reflectometry were carried out on Larix gmelinii and Populus simonii.Ice content is based on moisture content data.The ice content of both species showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing.This was opposite with ambient temperatures.With the decrease of temperatures,daily average ice content increased,but the range narrowed gradually and both electrical resistance and stress wave velocity increased.Both increased rapidly near 0℃,mainly caused by ice formation(phase change and freezing of free water)in live trees.In addition,both are positively correlated with ice content.The results suggest that ice content should be considered for improving the accuracy of tree decay detection and health evaluation using electric resistance tomography and stress wave velocity methods under low temperatures.

THE EXISTENCE AND LOCAL UNIQUENESS OF MULTI-PEAK SOLUTIONS TO A CLASS OF KIRCHHOFF TYPE EQUATIONS

In this paper,we study the existence and local uniqueness of multi-peak solutions to the Kirchhoff type equations-(ε^(2)a+εb∫_(R^(3))|■u|^(2))△u+V(x)u=u^(p),u>0 in R^(3),which concentrate at non-degenerate critical points of the potential function V(x),where a,b>0,1<p<5 are constants,andε>0 is a parameter.Applying the Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction method and a local Pohozaev type identity,we establish the existence and local uniqueness results of multi-peak solutions,which concentrate at{a_(i)}1≤i≤k,where{a_(i)}1≤i≤k are non-degenerate critical points of V(x)asε→0.

Stress response of Lymantria dispar asiatica(Lepidoptera:Erebidae)larvae and its gut microbiota to manganese ion

To study the effect of manganese exposure on the herbivorous insect Lymantria dispar asiatica,fourthinstar larvae were fed a MnCl_(2)-amended diet(LdMn)for 84 h(0.40 mmol MnCl_(2)/g diet).Larvae were weighed before and after the diet administration to assess larval gain in mass under manganese exposure.The whole bodies of half of the survivors were ground in liquid nitrogen for measuring enzyme activities and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC).The intestinal tracts of the remaining survivors were collected and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for 16S rDNA sequencing of gut microbiota.Larvae under manganese stress lost significant mass(p<0.05).The activities of digestive and antioxidant enzymes and T-AOC,but not trehalase and polyphenol oxidase,were significantly higher after Mn exposure,(p<0.05).A Venn diagram illustrated that the gut microbial OTU composition in the larvae also changed.Community pies and correlation heatmaps also showed different relative abundances of gut microbes.In other words,species quantity and relative abundance of gut microbes agreed with PCoA visualization and indicated that the gut microbial community in L.dispar asiatica larvae differed significantly between control and LdMn.Functional classification also suggested that exposure to manganese stress significantly decreased gut microbial coenzyme transport and metabolism in L.dispar asiatica larvae.These results further our understanding about stress response of L.dispar asiatica larvae.

GPR162 activates STING dependent DNA damage pathway as a novel tumor suppressor and radiation sensitizer

In the treatment of most malignancies,radiotherapy plays a significant role.However,the resistance of cancer cells to ionizing radiation(IR)is the main reason for the failure of radiotherapy,which causes tumor recurrence and metastasis.In this study,we confirmed that GPR162,an orphan receptor in the G-protein-coupled receptor family,acted as a novel radiotherapy sensitizer by interacting with the stimulator of interferon genes(STING),which targeted DNA damage responses,activated IRF3,accelerated the activation of type I interferon system,promoted the expression of chemokines including CXCL10 and CXCL4,and inhibited the occurrence and development of tumors.Interestingly,the activation of STING by overexpression of GPR162 was independent of the classical pathway of cGAS.STING inhibitors could resist the antitumor effect of overexpression of GPR162 in IR-induced mouse models.In addition,most solid tumors showed low expression of GPR162.And the higher expression of GPR162 indicated a better prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma,liver cancer,breast cancer,etc.In summary,these results suggested that GPR162 may serve as a potential sensitizer of radiotherapy by promoting radiotherapy-induced STING-IFN production and increasing the expression of chemokines including CXCL10 and CXCL4 in DNA damage response,providing an alternative strategy for improving cancer radiotherapy.

Author Correction:GPR162 activates STING dependent DNA damage pathway as a novel tumor suppressor and radiation sensitizer

Since the publication of this article,we noticed a minor mistake in the article that needs to be corrected.We have checked the original data;the correct data are provided in this Corrigendum as follows.The key findings of the article are not affected by these corrections.

Neighborhood form and CO2 emission： evidence from 23 neighborhoods in Jinan, China

To understand the household C02 emission level in China, as well as how much the neighborhoods＇ socio-economic or design factors could influence the CO2 emission, 23 neighborhoods in Jinan were investigated in 2009 and 2010. These neighborhoods fall into four different types： superblock, enclave, grid and traditional. The household CO2 emission includes sources of both in- home energy use and passenger transportation. The average CO2 emission per household is 7.66 t.a^-1, including 6.87 t in-home operational emission and 792 kg transportation emission. The household CO2 emission by neighborhood categories is 10.97, 5.65, 6.49, 5.40 t-household-1. a-1 for superblock, enclave, grid and tradi- tional respectively. Superblock has the highest average emission and also the highest percent （more than 25%） of transportation emission among four different types of neighborhoods. The residential CO2 emission of superb- lock neighborhoods in Jinan has already reached the level in developed countries nearly ten years ago. It is predictable that more superblock neighborhoods would be built in China with the fast urbanization. How to avoid the rapid household CO2 emission growth in the future would be a systematic issue. The study also found that in addition to income and apartment area, household density, land use mix and accessibility to public transportation are three primary factors which have significant impacts on CO2 emission. High density, mixed land use and convenient accessibility to public transportation tend to reduce household CO2 emission.