In the search of alternative resources to make commodity chemicals and transportation fuels for a low carbon future,lignocellulosic biomass with over 180-billion-ton annual production rate has been identified as a pro...In the search of alternative resources to make commodity chemicals and transportation fuels for a low carbon future,lignocellulosic biomass with over 180-billion-ton annual production rate has been identified as a promising feedstock.This review focuses on the state-of-the-art catalytic transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added chemicals and fuels.Following a brief introduction on the structure,major resources and pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass,the catalytic conversion of three main components,i.e.,cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin,into various compounds are comprehensively discussed.Either in separate steps or in one-pot,cellulose and hemicellulose are hydrolyzed into sugars and upgraded into oxygen-containing chemicals such as 5-HMF,furfural,polyols,and organic acids,or even nitrogen-containing chemicals such as amino acids.On the other hand,lignin is first depolymerized into phenols,catechols,guaiacols,aldehydes and ketones,and then further transformed into hydrocarbon fuels,bioplastic precursors and bioactive compounds.The review then introduces the transformations of whole biomass via catalytic gasification,catalytic pyrolysis,as well as emerging strategies.Finally,opportunities,challenges and prospective of woody biomass valorization are highlighted.展开更多
Hydrodeoxygenation of furfural(FF)into 2-methylfuran(MF)is a significant biomass utilization route.However,designing efficient and stable non-noble metal catalyst is still a huge challenge.Herein,we reported the N,O c...Hydrodeoxygenation of furfural(FF)into 2-methylfuran(MF)is a significant biomass utilization route.However,designing efficient and stable non-noble metal catalyst is still a huge challenge.Herein,we reported the N,O co-doped carbon anchored with Co nanoparticles(Co-SFB)synthesized by employing the organic ligands with the target heteroatoms.Raman,electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR),electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)characterizations showed that the co-doping of N and O heteroatoms in the carbon support endows Co-SFB with enriched lone pair electrons,fast electron transfer ability,and strong metal-support interaction.These electronic properties resulted in strong FF adsorption as well as lower apparent reaction activation energy.At last,the obtained N,O co-doped Co/C catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity(nearly 100 mol%FF conversion and 94.6 mol%MF yield)and stability for in-situ dehydrogenation of FF into MF.This N,O co-doping strategy for the synthesis of highly efficient catalytic materials with controllable electronic state will provide an excellent opportunity to better understand the structure-function relationship.展开更多
Soybean soapstock(SS) is one of the main solid wastes produced in the refinery of edible oil processing. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of SS with iron slag(IS) and aluminum scrap(AS) was carried out in a tubular fur...Soybean soapstock(SS) is one of the main solid wastes produced in the refinery of edible oil processing. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of SS with iron slag(IS) and aluminum scrap(AS) was carried out in a tubular furnace. The gas, liquid and solid products were characterized and the char yield decreased with increasing IS/AS ratio. IS and AS can improve the gas yield, and when the ratio of SS/IS was 1:0.25, the total pyrolysis gas and hydrogen contents were significantly increased. The content of oxygen compounds in pyrolysis oil decreased during co-pyrolysis, while AS promoted the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil. The co-pyrolysis reaction can be divided into four stages, the mass loss rate reaches the maximum at the third stage(390–575 ℃). The molar ratio of H/C was lower for pyrolysis,indicating good stability of pyrolysis char owing to the high degree of carbonization and aromaticity.The possible co-pyrolysis reaction mechanism was explored.展开更多
Specnuezhenide(SNZ)is among the main components of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi,which has antiinflammation,anti-oxidation,and anti-tumor effect.The low bioavailability makes it difficult to explain the mechanism of pharmac...Specnuezhenide(SNZ)is among the main components of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi,which has antiinflammation,anti-oxidation,and anti-tumor effect.The low bioavailability makes it difficult to explain the mechanism of pharmacological effect of SNZ.In this study,the role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism and pharmacokinetics characteristics of SNZ as well as the pharmacological meaning were explored.SNZ can be rapidly metabolized by the gut microbiome,and two intestinal bacterial metabolites of SNZ,salidroside and tyrosol,were discovered.In addition,carboxylesterase may be the main intestinal bacterial enzyme that mediates its metabolism.At the same time,no metabolism was found in the incubation system of SNZ with liver microsomes or liver homogenate,indicating that the gut microbiota is the main part involved in the metabolism of SNZ.In addition,pharmacokinetic studies showed that salidroside and tyrosol can be detected in plasma in the presence of gut microbiota.Interestingly,tumor development was inhibited in a colorectal tumor mice model administered orally with SNZ,which indicated that SNZ exhibited potential to inhibit tumor growth,and tissue distribution studies showed that salidroside and tyrosol could be distributed in tumor tissues.At the same time,SNZ modulated the structure of gut microbiota and fungal group,which may be the mechanism governing the antitumoral activity of SNZ.Furthermore,SNZ stimulates the secretion of short-chain fatty acids by intestinal flora in vitro and in vivo.In the future,targeting gut microbes and the interaction between natural products and gut microbes could lead to the discovery and development of new drugs.展开更多
Eleven organophosphate esters(OPEs)in the air and seawater were investigated from the northwestern Pacific Ocean to the Southern Ocean during the 2018 Chinese 34th Antarctic Scientific Expedition.The concentration of ...Eleven organophosphate esters(OPEs)in the air and seawater were investigated from the northwestern Pacific Ocean to the Southern Ocean during the 2018 Chinese 34th Antarctic Scientific Expedition.The concentration of total OPEs ranged from 164.82 to 3501.79 pg/m~3in air and from 4.54 to 70.09 ng/L in seawater.Two halogenated OPEs,tri(chloropropyl)phosphate(TCPP)and tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP),were generally more abundant than the non-halogenated OPEs.A levelⅢfugacity model was developed to simulate the transfer and fate of seven OPEs in the air and seawater regions of the central Ross Sea.The model results indicate that OPEs are transferred from the air to the seawater in the central Ross Sea in summer,during which the Ross Sea acts as a final OPE sink.Dry and wet deposition dominated the processes involving OPE transfer to seawater.The OPE degradation process was also found to be more pervasive in the atmosphere than in the seawater region.These findings highlights the importance of long-range transport of OPEs and their air–seawater interface behavior in the Antarctic.展开更多
Wet air oxidation(WAO), a liquid phase reaction between organic materials in water and oxygen, is one of the most economical and technologically viable advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment, particular...Wet air oxidation(WAO), a liquid phase reaction between organic materials in water and oxygen, is one of the most economical and technologically viable advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment, particularly toxic and high organic content wastewater. WAO is the liquid phase oxidation of organics or oxidizable inorganic components at elevated temperatures(125–320 °C) and pressures(0.5–20 MPa) using gaseous oxygen(or air) as oxidant. In the past two decades, the WAO process was widely studied and applied in the treatment of dye wastewater. Compared to conventional WAO, catalytic WAO processes have higher efficiency and use moderate reaction conditions. The catalysts included homogenous and heterogeneous types. The key points that need to be solved are recycling of homogenous catalysts and better stability of heterogeneous catalysts. In the present review, the technological processes are first introduced, then some research history and hotspots of WAO research are presented, and finally, its application in the treatment of dye wastewater in the past two decades is summarized to reveal the impressive changes in modes, trends, and conditions used. The application includes model pollutant studies and wastewater tests.展开更多
Background:Antibiotic growth promoters are widely used to improve weight gain.However,the abuse of antibiotics can have many negative effects on people.Developing alternatives to antibiotics is an urgent need in lives...Background:Antibiotic growth promoters are widely used to improve weight gain.However,the abuse of antibiotics can have many negative effects on people.Developing alternatives to antibiotics is an urgent need in livestock production.We aimed to perform a meta-analysis and network meta-analysis(NMA)to investigate the effects of feed additives as potential antibiotic substitutes(ASs)on bacteriostasis,growth performance,intestinal morphology and immunity.Furthermore,the primary,secondary,and tertiary ASs were defined by comparing their results with the results of antibiotics.Results:Among 16,309 identified studies,37 were summarized to study the bacteriostasis effects of feed additives,and 89 were included in the meta-analysis and NMA(10,228 pigs).We summarized 268 associations of 57 interventions with 32 bacteria.The order of bacteriostasis effects was as follows:antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)≈antibiotics>organic acids>plant extracts>oligosaccharides.We detected associations of 11 feed additives and 11 outcomes.Compared with a basal diet,plant extract,AMPs,probiotics,microelements,organic acids,bacteriophages,lysozyme,zymin,and oligosaccharides significantly improved growth performance(P<0.05);organic acids,probiotics,microelements,lysozyme,and AMPs remarkably increased the villus height:crypt depth ratio(V/C)(P<0.05);and plant extracts,zymin,microelements,probiotics,and organic acids notably improved immunity(P<0.05).The optimal AMP,bacteriophage,lysozyme,microelements,oligosaccharides,organic acids,plants,plant extracts,probiotics,and zymin doses were 0.100%,0.150%,0.012%,0.010%,0.050%,0.750%,0.20%,0.040%,0.180%,and 0.100%,respectively.Compared with antibiotics,all investigated feed additives exhibited no significant difference in effects on growth performance,IgG,and diarrhoea index/rate(P>0.05);AMPs and microelements significantly increased V/C(P<0.05);and zymin significantly improved lymphocyte levels(P<0.05).Furthermore,linear weighting sum models were used to comprehensively estimate the overall impact of each feed additive on pig growth and health.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that AMPs and plant extracts can be used as primary ASs for weaned piglets and growing pigs,respectively.Bacteriophages,zymin,plants,probiotics,oligosaccharides,lysozyme,and microelements can be regarded as secondary ASs.Nucleotides and organic acids can be considered as tertiary ASs.Future studies should further assess the alternative effects of combinational feed additives.展开更多
AIM To investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of autoimmune liver disease(ALD)-related autoantibodies in patients with biliary atresia(BA).METHODS Sera of 124 BA patients and 140 age-matched non-BA contr...AIM To investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of autoimmune liver disease(ALD)-related autoantibodies in patients with biliary atresia(BA).METHODS Sera of 124 BA patients and 140 age-matched non-BA controls were assayed for detection of the following autoantibodies: ALD profile and specific anti-nuclear antibodies(ANAs), by line-blot assay; ANA and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA), by indirect immunofluorescence assay; specific ANCAs and antiM2-3 E, by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Associations of these autoantibodies with the clinical features of BA(i.e., cytomegalovirus infection, degree of liver fibrosis, and short-term prognosis of Kasai procedure) were evaluated by Spearman's correlation coefficient.RESULTS The overall positive rate of serum autoantibodies in preoperative BA patients was 56.5%. ALD profile assay showed that the positive reaction to primary biliary cholangitis-related autoantibodies in BA patients was higher than that to autoimmune hepatitis-related autoantibodies. Among these autoantibodies, anti-BPO was detected more frequently in the BA patients than in the controls(14.8% vs 2.2%, P < 0.05). Accordingly, 32(25.8%) of the 124 BA patients also showed a high positive reaction for anti-M2-3 E. By comparison, the controls had a remarkably lower frequency of anti-M2-3 E(P < 0.05), with 6/92(8.6%) of patients with other liver diseases and 2/48(4.2%) of healthy controls. The prevalence of ANA in BA patients was 11.3%, which was higher than that in disease controls(3.3%, P < 0.05), but the reactivity to specific ANAs was only 8.2%. The prevalence of ANCAs(ANCA or specific ANCAs) in BA patients was also remarkably higher than that in the healthy controls(37.9% vs 6.3%, P < 0.05), but showed no difference from that in patients with other cholestasis. ANCA positivity was closely associated with the occurrence of postoperative cholangitis(r = 0.61, P < 0.05), whereas none of the autoantibodies showed a correlation to cytomegalovirus infection or the stages of liver fibrosis.CONCLUSION High prevalence of autoantibodies in the BA developmental process strongly reveals the autoimmunemediated pathogenesis. Serological ANCA positivity may be a useful predictive biomarker of postoperative cholangitis.展开更多
A comparative study of treatment of simulated wastewater containing Reactive Red 195 using zero-valent iron/activated carbon (ZVI/AC), microwave discharge electrodeless lamp/sodium hypochlorite (MDEL/NaCIO) and th...A comparative study of treatment of simulated wastewater containing Reactive Red 195 using zero-valent iron/activated carbon (ZVI/AC), microwave discharge electrodeless lamp/sodium hypochlorite (MDEL/NaCIO) and the combination of ZVI/AC- MDEL/NaCIO was conducted. The preliminary results showed the two steps method of ZVI/AC-MDEL/NaCIO had much higher degradation efficiency than both single steps. The final color removal percentage was nearly up to 100% and the chemical oxygen demand reduction percentage was up to approximately 82%. The effects of operational parameters, including initial pH value of simulated wastewater, ZVI/AC ratio and particle size of ZVI were also investigated. In addition, from the discussion of synergistic effect between ZVI/AC and MEDL/NaCIO, we found that in the ZVI/AC-MEDL/NaCIO process, ZVI/AC could break the azo bond firstly and then MEDLfNaCIO degraded the aromatic amine products effectively. Reversing the order would reduce the degradation efficiency.展开更多
The microstructures and mechanical properties of the composite extruded AZ31/AZ31 and AZ31/4047 Al sheets were investigated and made a comparison to the conventional extruded AZ31 sheet.Owing to the introduced intense...The microstructures and mechanical properties of the composite extruded AZ31/AZ31 and AZ31/4047 Al sheets were investigated and made a comparison to the conventional extruded AZ31 sheet.Owing to the introduced intense shear deformation at the interface during the composite extrusion,grain refinement and tilted texture were detected in AZ31 layers of the AZ31/AZ31 and AZ31/4047 Al sheets,while the conventional extruded AZ31 sheet exhibited a relative coarse,inhomogeneous microstructure and strong basal texture.The compressiontension yield ratio was increased gradually from the AZ31 to the AZ31/AZ31 and AZ31/4047 Al sheets.Besides,the AZ31/4047 Al sheet could successfully accomplish the whole bending forming process at room temperature,while the AZ31 and AZ31/AZ31 sheets were both bend-formed to failure with significant cracks in the outer tensile region under the identical bending parameters.Moreover,under the same bending strain,both the outward offset degree of strain neutral layer and the sheet thickening were more serious in the AZ31/4047 Al composite sheet than those of the AZ31 and AZ31/AZ31 sheets.The foremost reason was the quite wide gap of material properties between Mg alloy AZ31 layer(tensile loading in the outer region)and Al 4047 layer(compressive loading in the inner region).展开更多
Berberine(BBR)is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Coptis chinensis that improves diabetes,hyperlipidemia and inflammation.Due to the low oral bioavailability of BBR,its mechanism of action is closely related to...Berberine(BBR)is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Coptis chinensis that improves diabetes,hyperlipidemia and inflammation.Due to the low oral bioavailability of BBR,its mechanism of action is closely related to the gut microbiota.This study focused on the CYP51 enzyme of intestinal bacteria to elucidate a new mechanism of BBR transformation by demethylation in the gut microbiota through multiple analytical techniques.First,the docking of BBR and CYP51 was performed;then,the pharmacokinetics of BBR was determined in ICR mice in vivo,and the metabolism of BBR in the liver,kidney,gut microbiota and single bacterial strains was examined in vitro.Moreover,16S rRNA analysis of ICR mouse feces indicated the relationship between BBR and the gut microbiota.Finally,recombinant E.coli containing cyp51 gene was constructed and the CYP51 enzyme lysate was induced to express.The metabolic characteristics of BBR were analyzed in the CYP51 enzyme lysate system.The results showed that CYP51 in the gut microbiota could bind stably with BBR,and the addition of voriconazole(a specific inhibitor of CYP51)slowed down the metabolism of BBR,which prevented the production of the demethylated metabolites thalifendine and berberrubine.This study demonstrated that CYP51 promoted the demethylation of BBR and enhanced its intestinal absorption,providing a new method for studying the metabolic transformation mechanism of isoquinoline alkaloids in vivo.展开更多
Due to the worldwide epidemic of allergic disease and a cure nowhere in sight,there is a crucial need to explore its pathophysiological mechanisms.As allergic disease has been associated with gut dysbiosis,we searched...Due to the worldwide epidemic of allergic disease and a cure nowhere in sight,there is a crucial need to explore its pathophysiological mechanisms.As allergic disease has been associated with gut dysbiosis,we searched for a possible mechanism from the perspective of the molecular interface between host and microbiota with concurrent metabolomics and microbiome composition analysis.Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with Artemisia pollen extract to stimulate a hyper reaction to pollen.This hyper reaction decreased the circulation of valine,isoleucine,aspartate,glutamate,glutamine,indole-propionate(IPA),and myo-inositol,and reduced short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in feces.Several beneficial genera belonging to Ruminococcaceae,Lachnospiraceae,and Clostridiales declined in the model group,whereas Helicobacter and Akkermansia were only expressed in the model group.Furthermore,the expression of intestinal claudin-3 and liver fatty acid binding protein was downregulated in the model group and associated with metabolic changes and bacteria.Our results suggest that alterations in amino acids as well as their derivatives(especially valine,and IPA which is the reductive product of tryptophan),SCFAs,and the gut microbiome(specifically Akkermansia and Helicobacter)may disrupt the intestinal barrier function by inhibiting the expression of claudin proteins and affecting the mucus layer,which further results in hay fever.展开更多
Ni–Cr enrichment on stainless steel SS316 L resulting from chemical activation enabled the deposition of carbon by spraying a stable suspension of carbon nanoparticles; trace Ag was deposited in situ to prepare a thi...Ni–Cr enrichment on stainless steel SS316 L resulting from chemical activation enabled the deposition of carbon by spraying a stable suspension of carbon nanoparticles; trace Ag was deposited in situ to prepare a thin continuous Ag-doped carbon film on a porous carbon-coated SS316 L substrate. The corrosion resistance of this film in 0.5 mol·L^(-1) H_2SO_4 solution containing 5 ppm F- at 80°C was investigated using polarization tests. The results showed that the surface treatment of the SS316 L strongly affected the adhesion of the carbon coating to the stainless steel. Compared to the bare SS316 L, the Ag-doped carbon-coated SS316 L bipolar plate was remarkably more stable in both the anode and cathode environments of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) and the interface contact resistance between the specimen and Toray 060 carbon paper was reduced from 333.0 m?·cm^2 to 21.6 m?·cm^2 at a compaction pressure of 1.2 MPa.展开更多
The metallurgical properties and fatigue life of bearing steel processed by electric furnace (EAF), ladle refining (LF-VD), continous casting (CC) and electroslag remelting (ESR) have been investigated. The main resul...The metallurgical properties and fatigue life of bearing steel processed by electric furnace (EAF), ladle refining (LF-VD), continous casting (CC) and electroslag remelting (ESR) have been investigated. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) Due to low oxygen content and dispersion inclusions in steel, the fatigue Life of LF-VD-IC or CC is three times as high as that of EAF steel; (2) The oxygen content in steel produced by CC process is about 9.0x10(-6), the carbon segregation (C/C(0)) is from 0.92 to 1.10 and the fatigue life of CC steel is equal to that of ladle refining ingot casting steel; (3) Although the amount of inclusion and oxygen in ESR steel is higher than that of LF-VD-IC or CC steel, the fatigue life of ESR steel is higher than that of the latter because of its fine and well dispersed inclusions.展开更多
Through electrospinning,La_2Co Mn O_6 nanofibers were prepared from a polyvinylpyrrolidone/lanthanum nitrate–cobalt acetate–manganese acetate(PVP/LCM)precursor and were used as electrode materials.The morphologies a...Through electrospinning,La_2Co Mn O_6 nanofibers were prepared from a polyvinylpyrrolidone/lanthanum nitrate–cobalt acetate–manganese acetate(PVP/LCM)precursor and were used as electrode materials.The morphologies and structures of the samples were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)specific surface area analysis.The results show that the prepared La_2Co Mn O_6 nanofibers are stable,one-dimensional structures formed from interconnected La_2Co Mn O_(6 )nanoparticles with a diamond-like crystal structure.The specific surface area of the fibers is 79.407 m^2·g^(-1).Electrochemical performance tests with a three-electrode system reveal the specific capacitance of the La_2Co Mn O_6 nanofibers as 109.7 F·g^(-1) at a current density of 0.5 A·g^(-1).After 1000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 1 A·g^(-1),the specific capacitance maintains 90.9%of its initial value,demonstrating a promising performance of the constraint capacitance and good cyclic stability.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of arthroscopic surgery in inflammatory hip arthritis.Methods A retrospective clinical study was conducted inspecting 40 hips in 36 patients of inflammatory arthritis.There were 17 c...Objective To evaluate the efficacy of arthroscopic surgery in inflammatory hip arthritis.Methods A retrospective clinical study was conducted inspecting 40 hips in 36 patients of inflammatory arthritis.There were 17 cases of ankylosing spondylitis,11 cases of rheumatoid arthritis,and 8 cases of psoriatic arthritis.The joints were irrigated and the inflamed tissues were debrided with anthroscopy.The patients were followed up with Harris hip score,Oxford hip score,Visual Analog Scale(VAS),and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Statistical analysis was performed using Student t test.Results All of the 36 cases were followed up for 46-103 months,averaging 67.2±8.4 months.Harris and Oxford scores increased from 66.9±12.1 and 69.4±16.4 before operation to 78.4±19.3 and 80.2±18.8 after operation,respectively(P<0.05).VAS score decreased from pre-operative 8.5±2.5 to post-operative 7.2±2.5(P<0.05).All the patients showed improved joint range of motion.MRI revealed alleviation of hip synovitis.The results were classified as excellent in 8 patients,good in 17 patients,fair in 8 patient,and poor in 3 according to Harris hip score.Twenty-seven patients were satisfied with the operative outcomes as they regained normal daily activities.Conclusions Arthroscopy-assisted joint debridement and synovium resection is an effective procedure for hip lesion in inflammatory arthritis.The inflammatory lesion might be thereby controlled and the symptoms be relieved.展开更多
文摘In the search of alternative resources to make commodity chemicals and transportation fuels for a low carbon future,lignocellulosic biomass with over 180-billion-ton annual production rate has been identified as a promising feedstock.This review focuses on the state-of-the-art catalytic transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added chemicals and fuels.Following a brief introduction on the structure,major resources and pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass,the catalytic conversion of three main components,i.e.,cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin,into various compounds are comprehensively discussed.Either in separate steps or in one-pot,cellulose and hemicellulose are hydrolyzed into sugars and upgraded into oxygen-containing chemicals such as 5-HMF,furfural,polyols,and organic acids,or even nitrogen-containing chemicals such as amino acids.On the other hand,lignin is first depolymerized into phenols,catechols,guaiacols,aldehydes and ketones,and then further transformed into hydrocarbon fuels,bioplastic precursors and bioactive compounds.The review then introduces the transformations of whole biomass via catalytic gasification,catalytic pyrolysis,as well as emerging strategies.Finally,opportunities,challenges and prospective of woody biomass valorization are highlighted.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC2103704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22022812,21978259)+1 种基金Key R&D Program of Zhejiang(2022C01208)Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou S&T Planed Projects(IZQ2021KJ1001)。
文摘Hydrodeoxygenation of furfural(FF)into 2-methylfuran(MF)is a significant biomass utilization route.However,designing efficient and stable non-noble metal catalyst is still a huge challenge.Herein,we reported the N,O co-doped carbon anchored with Co nanoparticles(Co-SFB)synthesized by employing the organic ligands with the target heteroatoms.Raman,electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR),electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)characterizations showed that the co-doping of N and O heteroatoms in the carbon support endows Co-SFB with enriched lone pair electrons,fast electron transfer ability,and strong metal-support interaction.These electronic properties resulted in strong FF adsorption as well as lower apparent reaction activation energy.At last,the obtained N,O co-doped Co/C catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity(nearly 100 mol%FF conversion and 94.6 mol%MF yield)and stability for in-situ dehydrogenation of FF into MF.This N,O co-doping strategy for the synthesis of highly efficient catalytic materials with controllable electronic state will provide an excellent opportunity to better understand the structure-function relationship.
基金supported by China-Central and Eastern Europe Universities Joint Education Project(2021128).
文摘Soybean soapstock(SS) is one of the main solid wastes produced in the refinery of edible oil processing. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of SS with iron slag(IS) and aluminum scrap(AS) was carried out in a tubular furnace. The gas, liquid and solid products were characterized and the char yield decreased with increasing IS/AS ratio. IS and AS can improve the gas yield, and when the ratio of SS/IS was 1:0.25, the total pyrolysis gas and hydrogen contents were significantly increased. The content of oxygen compounds in pyrolysis oil decreased during co-pyrolysis, while AS promoted the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil. The co-pyrolysis reaction can be divided into four stages, the mass loss rate reaches the maximum at the third stage(390–575 ℃). The molar ratio of H/C was lower for pyrolysis,indicating good stability of pyrolysis char owing to the high degree of carbonization and aromaticity.The possible co-pyrolysis reaction mechanism was explored.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.:2022YFA0806400)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant Nos.:2022-I2M-1-028,2022-I2M-2-002,and 2021-I2M-1-007)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:81973290 and 82173888)Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study,China(Grant No.:Z141102004414062)。
文摘Specnuezhenide(SNZ)is among the main components of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi,which has antiinflammation,anti-oxidation,and anti-tumor effect.The low bioavailability makes it difficult to explain the mechanism of pharmacological effect of SNZ.In this study,the role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism and pharmacokinetics characteristics of SNZ as well as the pharmacological meaning were explored.SNZ can be rapidly metabolized by the gut microbiome,and two intestinal bacterial metabolites of SNZ,salidroside and tyrosol,were discovered.In addition,carboxylesterase may be the main intestinal bacterial enzyme that mediates its metabolism.At the same time,no metabolism was found in the incubation system of SNZ with liver microsomes or liver homogenate,indicating that the gut microbiota is the main part involved in the metabolism of SNZ.In addition,pharmacokinetic studies showed that salidroside and tyrosol can be detected in plasma in the presence of gut microbiota.Interestingly,tumor development was inhibited in a colorectal tumor mice model administered orally with SNZ,which indicated that SNZ exhibited potential to inhibit tumor growth,and tissue distribution studies showed that salidroside and tyrosol could be distributed in tumor tissues.At the same time,SNZ modulated the structure of gut microbiota and fungal group,which may be the mechanism governing the antitumoral activity of SNZ.Furthermore,SNZ stimulates the secretion of short-chain fatty acids by intestinal flora in vitro and in vivo.In the future,targeting gut microbes and the interaction between natural products and gut microbes could lead to the discovery and development of new drugs.
基金supported by the Hainan Provincial Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (No.2021CXLH0009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42006195 and 41976222)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Foundation of Hainan Tropical Ocean University (No.RHDRC202201)the Science and Technology Project of Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute of Hainan Tropical Ocean University (No.2022CXYZD002)。
文摘Eleven organophosphate esters(OPEs)in the air and seawater were investigated from the northwestern Pacific Ocean to the Southern Ocean during the 2018 Chinese 34th Antarctic Scientific Expedition.The concentration of total OPEs ranged from 164.82 to 3501.79 pg/m~3in air and from 4.54 to 70.09 ng/L in seawater.Two halogenated OPEs,tri(chloropropyl)phosphate(TCPP)and tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP),were generally more abundant than the non-halogenated OPEs.A levelⅢfugacity model was developed to simulate the transfer and fate of seven OPEs in the air and seawater regions of the central Ross Sea.The model results indicate that OPEs are transferred from the air to the seawater in the central Ross Sea in summer,during which the Ross Sea acts as a final OPE sink.Dry and wet deposition dominated the processes involving OPE transfer to seawater.The OPE degradation process was also found to be more pervasive in the atmosphere than in the seawater region.These findings highlights the importance of long-range transport of OPEs and their air–seawater interface behavior in the Antarctic.
基金supported by Technological Educational Institute of Kavala(President:A.Ch.Mitropoulos)
文摘Wet air oxidation(WAO), a liquid phase reaction between organic materials in water and oxygen, is one of the most economical and technologically viable advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment, particularly toxic and high organic content wastewater. WAO is the liquid phase oxidation of organics or oxidizable inorganic components at elevated temperatures(125–320 °C) and pressures(0.5–20 MPa) using gaseous oxygen(or air) as oxidant. In the past two decades, the WAO process was widely studied and applied in the treatment of dye wastewater. Compared to conventional WAO, catalytic WAO processes have higher efficiency and use moderate reaction conditions. The catalysts included homogenous and heterogeneous types. The key points that need to be solved are recycling of homogenous catalysts and better stability of heterogeneous catalysts. In the present review, the technological processes are first introduced, then some research history and hotspots of WAO research are presented, and finally, its application in the treatment of dye wastewater in the past two decades is summarized to reveal the impressive changes in modes, trends, and conditions used. The application includes model pollutant studies and wastewater tests.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(3163000269)National Special Fund for Modern Industrial Technology System(CARS-35)Major Science and Technology Special Fund of Zhejiang Province(2015C02022)。
文摘Background:Antibiotic growth promoters are widely used to improve weight gain.However,the abuse of antibiotics can have many negative effects on people.Developing alternatives to antibiotics is an urgent need in livestock production.We aimed to perform a meta-analysis and network meta-analysis(NMA)to investigate the effects of feed additives as potential antibiotic substitutes(ASs)on bacteriostasis,growth performance,intestinal morphology and immunity.Furthermore,the primary,secondary,and tertiary ASs were defined by comparing their results with the results of antibiotics.Results:Among 16,309 identified studies,37 were summarized to study the bacteriostasis effects of feed additives,and 89 were included in the meta-analysis and NMA(10,228 pigs).We summarized 268 associations of 57 interventions with 32 bacteria.The order of bacteriostasis effects was as follows:antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)≈antibiotics>organic acids>plant extracts>oligosaccharides.We detected associations of 11 feed additives and 11 outcomes.Compared with a basal diet,plant extract,AMPs,probiotics,microelements,organic acids,bacteriophages,lysozyme,zymin,and oligosaccharides significantly improved growth performance(P<0.05);organic acids,probiotics,microelements,lysozyme,and AMPs remarkably increased the villus height:crypt depth ratio(V/C)(P<0.05);and plant extracts,zymin,microelements,probiotics,and organic acids notably improved immunity(P<0.05).The optimal AMP,bacteriophage,lysozyme,microelements,oligosaccharides,organic acids,plants,plant extracts,probiotics,and zymin doses were 0.100%,0.150%,0.012%,0.010%,0.050%,0.750%,0.20%,0.040%,0.180%,and 0.100%,respectively.Compared with antibiotics,all investigated feed additives exhibited no significant difference in effects on growth performance,IgG,and diarrhoea index/rate(P>0.05);AMPs and microelements significantly increased V/C(P<0.05);and zymin significantly improved lymphocyte levels(P<0.05).Furthermore,linear weighting sum models were used to comprehensively estimate the overall impact of each feed additive on pig growth and health.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that AMPs and plant extracts can be used as primary ASs for weaned piglets and growing pigs,respectively.Bacteriophages,zymin,plants,probiotics,oligosaccharides,lysozyme,and microelements can be regarded as secondary ASs.Nucleotides and organic acids can be considered as tertiary ASs.Future studies should further assess the alternative effects of combinational feed additives.
基金the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Planning Project,No.2014A020212520the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project,No.201707010014
文摘AIM To investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of autoimmune liver disease(ALD)-related autoantibodies in patients with biliary atresia(BA).METHODS Sera of 124 BA patients and 140 age-matched non-BA controls were assayed for detection of the following autoantibodies: ALD profile and specific anti-nuclear antibodies(ANAs), by line-blot assay; ANA and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA), by indirect immunofluorescence assay; specific ANCAs and antiM2-3 E, by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Associations of these autoantibodies with the clinical features of BA(i.e., cytomegalovirus infection, degree of liver fibrosis, and short-term prognosis of Kasai procedure) were evaluated by Spearman's correlation coefficient.RESULTS The overall positive rate of serum autoantibodies in preoperative BA patients was 56.5%. ALD profile assay showed that the positive reaction to primary biliary cholangitis-related autoantibodies in BA patients was higher than that to autoimmune hepatitis-related autoantibodies. Among these autoantibodies, anti-BPO was detected more frequently in the BA patients than in the controls(14.8% vs 2.2%, P < 0.05). Accordingly, 32(25.8%) of the 124 BA patients also showed a high positive reaction for anti-M2-3 E. By comparison, the controls had a remarkably lower frequency of anti-M2-3 E(P < 0.05), with 6/92(8.6%) of patients with other liver diseases and 2/48(4.2%) of healthy controls. The prevalence of ANA in BA patients was 11.3%, which was higher than that in disease controls(3.3%, P < 0.05), but the reactivity to specific ANAs was only 8.2%. The prevalence of ANCAs(ANCA or specific ANCAs) in BA patients was also remarkably higher than that in the healthy controls(37.9% vs 6.3%, P < 0.05), but showed no difference from that in patients with other cholestasis. ANCA positivity was closely associated with the occurrence of postoperative cholangitis(r = 0.61, P < 0.05), whereas none of the autoantibodies showed a correlation to cytomegalovirus infection or the stages of liver fibrosis.CONCLUSION High prevalence of autoantibodies in the BA developmental process strongly reveals the autoimmunemediated pathogenesis. Serological ANCA positivity may be a useful predictive biomarker of postoperative cholangitis.
基金supported by the Major Projects on Control and Rectification of Water Body Pollution (Water Special Project) (No.2009ZX07010-001,2008ZX07526-001)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No.2008CB418201)
文摘A comparative study of treatment of simulated wastewater containing Reactive Red 195 using zero-valent iron/activated carbon (ZVI/AC), microwave discharge electrodeless lamp/sodium hypochlorite (MDEL/NaCIO) and the combination of ZVI/AC- MDEL/NaCIO was conducted. The preliminary results showed the two steps method of ZVI/AC-MDEL/NaCIO had much higher degradation efficiency than both single steps. The final color removal percentage was nearly up to 100% and the chemical oxygen demand reduction percentage was up to approximately 82%. The effects of operational parameters, including initial pH value of simulated wastewater, ZVI/AC ratio and particle size of ZVI were also investigated. In addition, from the discussion of synergistic effect between ZVI/AC and MEDL/NaCIO, we found that in the ZVI/AC-MEDL/NaCIO process, ZVI/AC could break the azo bond firstly and then MEDLfNaCIO degraded the aromatic amine products effectively. Reversing the order would reduce the degradation efficiency.
基金The authors are grateful for the financial supports from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0301104 and 2016YFB0101700)Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2017zdcy-zdzxX0006,cstc2017jcyjAX0012,cstc2018jcyjAX0472)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(51531002 and U1764253)Chongqing Scientific&Technological Talents Program(KJXX2017002)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018T110948)Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJQN201801306).
文摘The microstructures and mechanical properties of the composite extruded AZ31/AZ31 and AZ31/4047 Al sheets were investigated and made a comparison to the conventional extruded AZ31 sheet.Owing to the introduced intense shear deformation at the interface during the composite extrusion,grain refinement and tilted texture were detected in AZ31 layers of the AZ31/AZ31 and AZ31/4047 Al sheets,while the conventional extruded AZ31 sheet exhibited a relative coarse,inhomogeneous microstructure and strong basal texture.The compressiontension yield ratio was increased gradually from the AZ31 to the AZ31/AZ31 and AZ31/4047 Al sheets.Besides,the AZ31/4047 Al sheet could successfully accomplish the whole bending forming process at room temperature,while the AZ31 and AZ31/AZ31 sheets were both bend-formed to failure with significant cracks in the outer tensile region under the identical bending parameters.Moreover,under the same bending strain,both the outward offset degree of strain neutral layer and the sheet thickening were more serious in the AZ31/4047 Al composite sheet than those of the AZ31 and AZ31/AZ31 sheets.The foremost reason was the quite wide gap of material properties between Mg alloy AZ31 layer(tensile loading in the outer region)and Al 4047 layer(compressive loading in the inner region).
基金National Institute of Clinical Specialties-Shanghai Mental Health Center(Office of Medical Administration,Ministry of Health)(OMA-MH 2011-873)Shanghai Education Commission High Peak and High Altitude Discipline Construction Plan(20152235)
基金The project was supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS,Grant No.:2016-I2M-3-011,China)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:81803613 and 81973290)+2 种基金Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study(Grant No.:Z141102004414062,China)Beijing Natural Sciences Fund Key Projects(Grant No.:7181007)the National Megaproject for Innovative Drugs(Grant No.:2018ZX09711001-002-002).
文摘Berberine(BBR)is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Coptis chinensis that improves diabetes,hyperlipidemia and inflammation.Due to the low oral bioavailability of BBR,its mechanism of action is closely related to the gut microbiota.This study focused on the CYP51 enzyme of intestinal bacteria to elucidate a new mechanism of BBR transformation by demethylation in the gut microbiota through multiple analytical techniques.First,the docking of BBR and CYP51 was performed;then,the pharmacokinetics of BBR was determined in ICR mice in vivo,and the metabolism of BBR in the liver,kidney,gut microbiota and single bacterial strains was examined in vitro.Moreover,16S rRNA analysis of ICR mouse feces indicated the relationship between BBR and the gut microbiota.Finally,recombinant E.coli containing cyp51 gene was constructed and the CYP51 enzyme lysate was induced to express.The metabolic characteristics of BBR were analyzed in the CYP51 enzyme lysate system.The results showed that CYP51 in the gut microbiota could bind stably with BBR,and the addition of voriconazole(a specific inhibitor of CYP51)slowed down the metabolism of BBR,which prevented the production of the demethylated metabolites thalifendine and berberrubine.This study demonstrated that CYP51 promoted the demethylation of BBR and enhanced its intestinal absorption,providing a new method for studying the metabolic transformation mechanism of isoquinoline alkaloids in vivo.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971515 and 81973290)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2016-I2M-3-011 and 2016-I2M-1-003)+4 种基金the Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study(Z141102004414062)the National Megaproject for Innovative Drugs(2018ZX09711001-002-002)Beijing Natural Sciences Fund Key Projects(7181007)the Fundamental Research Fund for Central Universities of Peking Union Medical College(3332020037)Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support(ZYLX201826)。
文摘Due to the worldwide epidemic of allergic disease and a cure nowhere in sight,there is a crucial need to explore its pathophysiological mechanisms.As allergic disease has been associated with gut dysbiosis,we searched for a possible mechanism from the perspective of the molecular interface between host and microbiota with concurrent metabolomics and microbiome composition analysis.Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with Artemisia pollen extract to stimulate a hyper reaction to pollen.This hyper reaction decreased the circulation of valine,isoleucine,aspartate,glutamate,glutamine,indole-propionate(IPA),and myo-inositol,and reduced short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in feces.Several beneficial genera belonging to Ruminococcaceae,Lachnospiraceae,and Clostridiales declined in the model group,whereas Helicobacter and Akkermansia were only expressed in the model group.Furthermore,the expression of intestinal claudin-3 and liver fatty acid binding protein was downregulated in the model group and associated with metabolic changes and bacteria.Our results suggest that alterations in amino acids as well as their derivatives(especially valine,and IPA which is the reductive product of tryptophan),SCFAs,and the gut microbiome(specifically Akkermansia and Helicobacter)may disrupt the intestinal barrier function by inhibiting the expression of claudin proteins and affecting the mucus layer,which further results in hay fever.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21106012)the Educational Department Foundation of Liaoning Province of China(NO.L2014180)
文摘Ni–Cr enrichment on stainless steel SS316 L resulting from chemical activation enabled the deposition of carbon by spraying a stable suspension of carbon nanoparticles; trace Ag was deposited in situ to prepare a thin continuous Ag-doped carbon film on a porous carbon-coated SS316 L substrate. The corrosion resistance of this film in 0.5 mol·L^(-1) H_2SO_4 solution containing 5 ppm F- at 80°C was investigated using polarization tests. The results showed that the surface treatment of the SS316 L strongly affected the adhesion of the carbon coating to the stainless steel. Compared to the bare SS316 L, the Ag-doped carbon-coated SS316 L bipolar plate was remarkably more stable in both the anode and cathode environments of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) and the interface contact resistance between the specimen and Toray 060 carbon paper was reduced from 333.0 m?·cm^2 to 21.6 m?·cm^2 at a compaction pressure of 1.2 MPa.
文摘The metallurgical properties and fatigue life of bearing steel processed by electric furnace (EAF), ladle refining (LF-VD), continous casting (CC) and electroslag remelting (ESR) have been investigated. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) Due to low oxygen content and dispersion inclusions in steel, the fatigue Life of LF-VD-IC or CC is three times as high as that of EAF steel; (2) The oxygen content in steel produced by CC process is about 9.0x10(-6), the carbon segregation (C/C(0)) is from 0.92 to 1.10 and the fatigue life of CC steel is equal to that of ladle refining ingot casting steel; (3) Although the amount of inclusion and oxygen in ESR steel is higher than that of LF-VD-IC or CC steel, the fatigue life of ESR steel is higher than that of the latter because of its fine and well dispersed inclusions.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province,China (No.201602113)the Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Education Department (No.L2013177)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21106012)
文摘Through electrospinning,La_2Co Mn O_6 nanofibers were prepared from a polyvinylpyrrolidone/lanthanum nitrate–cobalt acetate–manganese acetate(PVP/LCM)precursor and were used as electrode materials.The morphologies and structures of the samples were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)specific surface area analysis.The results show that the prepared La_2Co Mn O_6 nanofibers are stable,one-dimensional structures formed from interconnected La_2Co Mn O_(6 )nanoparticles with a diamond-like crystal structure.The specific surface area of the fibers is 79.407 m^2·g^(-1).Electrochemical performance tests with a three-electrode system reveal the specific capacitance of the La_2Co Mn O_6 nanofibers as 109.7 F·g^(-1) at a current density of 0.5 A·g^(-1).After 1000 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 1 A·g^(-1),the specific capacitance maintains 90.9%of its initial value,demonstrating a promising performance of the constraint capacitance and good cyclic stability.
文摘Objective To evaluate the efficacy of arthroscopic surgery in inflammatory hip arthritis.Methods A retrospective clinical study was conducted inspecting 40 hips in 36 patients of inflammatory arthritis.There were 17 cases of ankylosing spondylitis,11 cases of rheumatoid arthritis,and 8 cases of psoriatic arthritis.The joints were irrigated and the inflamed tissues were debrided with anthroscopy.The patients were followed up with Harris hip score,Oxford hip score,Visual Analog Scale(VAS),and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Statistical analysis was performed using Student t test.Results All of the 36 cases were followed up for 46-103 months,averaging 67.2±8.4 months.Harris and Oxford scores increased from 66.9±12.1 and 69.4±16.4 before operation to 78.4±19.3 and 80.2±18.8 after operation,respectively(P<0.05).VAS score decreased from pre-operative 8.5±2.5 to post-operative 7.2±2.5(P<0.05).All the patients showed improved joint range of motion.MRI revealed alleviation of hip synovitis.The results were classified as excellent in 8 patients,good in 17 patients,fair in 8 patient,and poor in 3 according to Harris hip score.Twenty-seven patients were satisfied with the operative outcomes as they regained normal daily activities.Conclusions Arthroscopy-assisted joint debridement and synovium resection is an effective procedure for hip lesion in inflammatory arthritis.The inflammatory lesion might be thereby controlled and the symptoms be relieved.