Phenoloxidases: catechol oxidase - the temporary employer and laccase - the rising star of vascular plants

Phenolics are vital for the adaptation of plants to terrestrial habitats and for species diversity.Phenoloxidases(catechol oxidases,COs,and laccases,LACs)are responsible for the oxidation and polymerization of phenolics.However,their origin,evolution,and differential roles during plant development and land colonization are unclear.We performed the phylogeny,domain,amino acids,compositional biases,and intron analyses to clarify the origin and evolution of COs and LACs,and analysed the structure,selective pressure,and chloroplast targeting to understand the species-dependent distribution of COs.We found that Streptophyta COs were not homologous to the Chlorophyta tyrosinases(TYRs),and might have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria.COs expanded in bryophytes.Structural-functionality and selective pressure were partially responsible for the species-dependent retention of COs in embryophytes.LACs emerged in Zygnemaphyceae,having evolved from ascorbate oxidases(AAOs),and prevailed in the vascular plants and strongly expanded in seed plants.COs and LACs coevolved with the phenolic metabolism pathway genes.These results suggested that TYRs and AAOs were the first-stage phenoloxidases in Chlorophyta.COs might be the second key for the early land colonization.LACs were the third one(dominating in the vascular plants)and might be advantageous for diversified phenol substrates and the erect growth of plants.This work provided new insights into how phenoloxidases evolved and were devoted to plant evolution.

Prussian Blue Analogues in Aqueous Batteries and Desalination Batteries

In the applications of large-scale energy storage,aqueous batteries are considered as rivals for organic batteries due to their environmentally friendly and low-cost nature.However,carrier ions always exhibit huge hydrated radius in aqueous electrolyte,which brings difficulty to find suitable host materials that can achieve highly reversible insertion and extraction of cations.Owing to open threedimensional rigid framework and facile synthesis,Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)receive the most extensive attention among various host candidates in aqueous system.Herein,a comprehensive review on recent progresses of PBAs in aqueous batteries is presented.Based on the application in different aqueous systems,the relationship between electrochemical behaviors(redox potential,capacity,cycling stability and rate performance)and structural characteristics(preparation method,structure type,particle size,morphology,crystallinity,defect,metal atom in highspin state and chemical composition)is analyzed and summarized thoroughly.It can be concluded that the required type of PBAs is different for various carrier ions.In particular,the desalination batteries worked with the same mechanism as aqueous batteries are also discussed in detail to introduce the application of PBAs in aqueous systems comprehensively.This report can help the readers to understand the relationship between physical/chemical characteristics and electrochemical properties for PBAs and find a way to fabricate high-performance PBAs in aqueous batteries and desalination batteries.

Hydrogen Bond-Assisted Ultra-Stable and Fast Aqueous NH_(4)^(+)Storage

Aqueous ammonium ion batteries are regarded as eco-friendly and sustainable energy storage systems.And applicable host for NH_(4)^(+)in aqueous solution is always in the process of development.On the basis of density functional theory calcula-tions,the excellent performance of NH_(4)^(+)insertion in Prussian blue analogues(PBAs)is proposed,especially for copper hexacyanoferrate(CuHCF).In this work,we prove the outstanding cycling and rate performance of CuHCF via electrochemical analyses,delivering no capacity fading during ultra-long cycles of 3000 times and high capacity retention of 93.6%at 50 C.One of main contributions to superior performance from highly reversible redox reaction and structural change is verified during the ammoniation/de-ammoniation progresses.More importantly,we propose the NH_(4)^(+)diffusion mechanism in CuHCF based on con-tinuous formation and fracture of hydrogen bonds from a joint theoretical and experimental study,which is another essential reason for rapid charge transfer and superior NH_(4)^(+)storage.Lastly,a full cell by coupling CuHCF cathode and polyaniline anode is constructed to explore the practical application of CuHCF.In brief,the outstanding aqueous NH_(4)^(+)storage in cubic PBAs creates a blueprint for fast and sustainable energy storage.

Cu3(PO4)2: Novel Anion Convertor for Aqueous Dual‑Ion Battery

Electrode materials which can reversibly react with anions are of interest for aqueous dual-ion batteries.Herein,we propose a novel anion electrode,Cu3(PO4)2,for constructing an aqueous dual-ion cell.The Cu3(PO4)2 electrode can operate in a quasi-neutral condition and deliver a reversible capacity of 115.6 mAh g^−1 with a well-defined plateau at−0.17 V versus Ag/AgCl.Its reaction mechanism shows that Cu3(PO4)2 decomposes into Cu2O and subsequently is converted into Cu during the initial discharge process.In the following charge process,Cu is oxidized into Cu2O.It suggests Cu3(PO4)2 reacts with OH−ions instead of PO43−ions after the initial discharge process and its potential thereby depends upon the OH−ions concentration in electrolyte.Additionally,an aqueous dual-ion cell is built by using pretreated Cu3(PO4)2 and Na0.44MnO2 as anode and cathode,respectively.During cycling,OH−ions and Na^+ions in electrolyte can be stored and released.Such a cell can provide a discharge capacity of 52.6 mAh g^−1 with plateaus at 0.70 and 0.45 V,exhibiting the potential of application.This work presents an available aqueous dual-ion cell and provides new insights into renewable energy storage and adjustment of the OH−ions concentration in aqueous buffer solution.

Innovation Requirements and Progress of Dialysis Water Treatment System

With the development of medicine,people are becoming more and more aware of the quality of medical water supply,such as dial ysis water,dental water,preparation water,operating room water,supply room water.Therefore,People are constantly improving the water treatment system and its standardized,and the demand for dialysis water is also becoming more and more strict.Hemodialysis is an effective means of maintaining the life of renal failure patients,120~180L water will be used for a conventional dialysis treatment,and high flux dialysis will consume more.

Correction to:Prussian Blue Analogues in Aqueous Batteries and Desalination Batteries

Correction to:Nano‑Micro Lett.(2021)13:166 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-021-00700-9 In the published article the authors equal contribution statement is incorrect in the foot note.The correct statement should be read as“Chiwei Xu and Zhengwei Yang have contributed equally to this work”.

Experimental Design and Clinical Observation of Modialysis Apparatus

Objective To evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of polyethersulfone membrane hollow fiber dialyzer Enttex^(TM)-16LF(E60)in treating patients with end stage renal disease caused by a variety of reasons.Methods This clinical trialwas designed as a randomized,open,two-phase crossover and positive control,non-inferiority study.To evaluate the indicators of blood routine test,serum biochemical indexes,blood gas analysis,vital signsbefore and after hemodialysis,and the adverse events were recorded indetail.Results There was no significant difference in creatinine,urea,creatinine clearance and electrolytes between Enttex TM-16LF dialyzer and control dialyzer before and after hemodialysis,no adverse event associated with the Enttex^(TM)-16LF dialyzer was found during the study.Conclusions The Enttex^(TM)-16LF dialyzeris effective and safe for hemodialysis in patients with end stage renal disease.

Application Status and Prospect of Bio-artificial Liver

Liver failure which can be caused by viral hepatitis,alcohol,drugs,metabolic diseases,autoimmune processes or other fac tors is the end stage of chronic liver disease.Although liver transplantation is currently considered to be the primary treatment measures of chronic liver disease.Due to donor shortages,surgical complications and immune rejection,cell therapy has been extensively studied.?Hepa tocyte transplantation and artificial liver have evolved into a simpler alternative to liver failure treatment.Artificial liver can be used as Liver replacement therapy in patients who were waiting for the liver transplantation with chronic liver disease.The ideal biological artificial liver must have the liver material metabolism,detoxification,synthesis and secretion and other functions.Nowadays bio-artificial liver has carried out a large number of clinical trials and get some progress.?This article is now discuss the status of bio-artificial liver and its re placement therapy prospects.

Peritoneal Dialysis: Prospects and Challenges

There are 3 kinds of Renal Replacement Therapy:hemodialysis,peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation.Although a kidney transplant would be the best solution,organ donations are limited and the transplanted organs can be rejected by the body.Hemodialysis is a widely recognized and near-universally available treatment method,however,the patient must make at least 3 weekly visits to a hospital to undergo treatment,with each session lasting on average around 4 hours.Consequently this can have an impact on the patients’life,including work and travel.Since the clinical populariza-

Cu-substituted nickel hexacyanoferrate with tunable reaction potentials for superior ammonium ion storage

In this work,a variety of Cu_(x)Ni_(2-x)Fe(CN)_(6)(x=0,0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,2)cathodes for ammonium ion batteries are prepared and their electrochemical performances are investigated.During the introduction of copper in nickel hexacyanoferrate,the electrochemical performance varies without changing the structure of nickel hexacyanoferrate.The increase of Cu content in nickel hexacyanoferrate leads to the enhancement of reaction potential and capacity.Electrochemical results suggest that the substitution of Cu for Ni has a positive effect on improving the cycling stability and rate capacity of nickel hexacyanoferrate when x in Cu_(x)Ni_(2-x)Fe(CN)_(6)is less than 0.4.Therefore,Cu_(0.4)Ni_(1.6)Fe(CN)_(6)exhibits the best cycling per-formance(capacity retention of 97.54%at 0.3 C)and the highest rate capacity(41.4 mAh g^(-1)at 10 C)in Cu_(x)Ni_(2-x)Fe(CN)_(6).Additionally,the X-ray diffraction(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)tests also reveal that the structural evolution of Cu_(0.4)Ni_(1.6)Fe(CN)_(6)is highly reversible upon NH_(4)^(+)storage.Therefore,this work proposes a candidate material for ammoniumion batteries and offers a novel avenue for adjusting the operating potential of the material.

Multi-functional stainless steel composite frames stabilize the sodium metal battery

The sodium(Na)metal battery has the prospect of promising high energy density and sustainable tech-nology for low-cost energy storage.However,the soft texture and high reactivity of Na cause it easy to structure collapse and produce side reactions with organic electrolytes.Inspired by ancient Chinese ar-chitecture,a structural engineering strategy is introduced to conquer the above issues.PVDF film-covered stainless steel mesh(SMPF)embedded in the obverse of Na metal to form a“self-limiting”Na/electrolyte interface and bare stainless steel mesh(SM)with high electronic conductivity embedded in the reverse of Na metal to form a uniformly electronic distributed Na/collector interface.Based on the electric field simulation and in-situ optical tests,the well-designed structure of the SM@Na@SMPF electrode can re-strict the dendrite growth and slow down the bubbles release.The above strategies provide important technical support for the large-scale application of flexible Na metal batteries.

Organic interlayer engineering of TiS_(2) for enhanced aqueous Zn ions storage

Aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries(ARZIBs)have a bright future for energy storage due to their high energy density and safety.However,for traditional ARZIBs,cathode materials always suffer from the limited space for large-sized zinc ions storage and transport,leading to low Coulombic efficiency and inferior cycling performance.To build a reliable host with large tunnel,1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ion(PY14^(+))pre-intercalated TiS_(2)(PY14^(+)-TiS_(2))is designed as an alternative intercalation-type electrode.As the insertion organic guest widens the interlayer space of TiS_(2)and buffers the lattice stress generated during the electrochemical cycles,the structural reversibility,cycling stability and kinetics properties of PY14^(+)-TiS_(2) are enhanced greatly.A specific capacity of 130.9 mAh g^(−1) with 84.3%capacity retention over 500 cycles can be achieved at 0.1 A g^(−1).Therefore,this study paves the way for enhancing the aqueous Zn ions storage capability by organic interlayer engineering.

Enabling nickel ferrocyanide nanoparticles for highperformance ammonium ion storage

Prussian blue and its analogs are extensively investigated as a cathode for ammonium-ion batteries.However,they often suffer from poor electronic conductivity.Here,we report a Ni_(2)Fe(CN)_(6)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite electrode material,which is prepared using a simple coprecipitation approach.The obtained material consists of nanoparticles with sizes 30-50 nm and the multiwalled carbon nanotube embedded in it.The existence of multiwalled carbon nanotube ensures that the Ni_(2)Fe(CN)_(6)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite shows excellent electrochemical performance,achieving a discharge capacity of 55.1 mAh·g^(-1)at 1 C and 43.2 mAh·g^(-1)even at 15 C.An increase in the ammoniumion diffusion coefficient and ionic/electron conductivity based on kinetic investigations accounts for their high performance.Furthermore,detailed ex situ characterizations demonstrate that Ni_(2)Fe(CN)_(6)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite offers three advantages:negligible lattice expansion during cycling,stable structure,and the reversible redox couple.Therefore,the Ni_(2)Fe(CN)_(6)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite presents a long cycling life and high rate capacity.Finally,our study reports a desirable material for ammonium-ion batteries and provides a practical approach for improving the electrochemical performance of Prussian blue and its analogs.

Cluster voltage control method for “Whole County” distributed photovoltaics based on improved differential evolution algorithm

China is vigorously promoting the “whole county promotion” of distributed photovoltaics (DPVs). However, the high penetration rate of DPVs has brought problems such as voltage violation and power quality degradation to the distribution network, seriously affecting the safety and reliability of the power system. The traditional centralized control method of the distribution network has the problem of low efficiency, which is not practical enough in engineering practice. To address the problems, this paper proposes a cluster voltage control method for distributed photovoltaic grid-connected distribution network. First, it partitions the distribution network into clusters, and different clusters exchange terminal voltage information through a “virtual slack bus.” Then, in each cluster, based on the control strategy of “reactive power compensation first, active power curtailment later,” it employs an improved differential evolution (IDE) algorithm based on Cauchy disturbance to control the voltage. Simulation results in two different distribution systems show that the proposed method not only greatly improves the operational efficiency of the algorithm but also effectively controls the voltage of the distribution network, and maximizes the consumption capacity of DPVs based on qualified voltage.

Synergy of first-and second-sphere interactions in a covalent organic framework boosts highly selective platinum uptake

Platinum recovery from waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE) in highly acidic solutions is significant to the electronics industry and environmental remediation. However, the lack of ingenious design and synergetic coordination gives rise to unsatisfied PtCl_(4)^(2-)extraction capacities and selectivities in most previously reported adsorbents(e.g., polymeric and inorganic materials). Herein, we proposed a synergistic strategy that realizes highly selective PtCl_(4)^(2-)uptake through first-and second-sphere coordinations. The proof-of-concept imine-linked covalent organic framework(SCU-COF-3) was found to chelate Pt Cl42-via the direct N…Pt coordination and the synergistically interlaminar N–H…Cl hydrogen bonds, which was disclosed by the comprehensive analysis of extended X-ray adsorption fine structure(EXAFS) characterizations and density functional theory(DFT) calculations. The unique adsorption mechanism imparts a superior adsorption capacity(168.4 mg g-1)and extraordinary Pt(II) selectivity to SCU-COF-3 under static conditions. In addition, SCU-COF-3 exhibits an upgraded distribution coefficient of 1.62 × 10^(5)mL· g^(-1), one order of magnitude higher than those of reported natural adsorbents. Specifically, SCU-COF-3 can extract PtCl_(4)^(2- )quantitatively from a simulated acidic waste solution coexisting with other 12 competitive ions, suggesting its promising application in practical scenarios.

Interlayer gap widened TiS_(2) for highly efficient sodium-ion storage

As an alternative for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have lately received tremendous interest due to their abundant reserves as well as low cost.Nevertheless,the lack of suitable anode materials severely hinders the application of sodium-ion batteries.TiS_(2)is elected as a representative material owing to its unique layered structure.But it always suffers from capacity fade due to poor electrochemical kinetics and structural stability.In this work,we fabricate a pre-potassiated TiS_(2)as a host material for sodium storage by an electrochemical pre-potassiation strategy.The intercalation/extraction mechanism,structural changes and reaction kinetics are completely investigated to reveal the outstanding electrochemical property of pre-potassiated TiS_(2)electrode.It turns out that the large interlayer space of pre-potassiated TiS_(2)is conducive to the diffusion of sodium ions,inducing the reduction of entropic barrier for the electrochemical reactions.In addition,the pre-potassiated host structure is still firmly maintained upon repeated cycles.Therefore,the pre-potassiated TiS_(2)presents superior rate capability(165.9 mA h g^(−1) at 1 C and 132.1 mA h g^(−1) at 20 C)and long-term cycling stability(85.3%capacity retention at 5 C after 500 cycles)for SIBs.This research provides an avenue to construct long-life sodium energy storage systems based on pre-potassiated TiS_(2).

Framework of Decentralized Multi-chain Data Management for Power Systems

With the wide application of advanced information and communication technology(ICT),power systems are becoming more reliable,more efficient and self-healing.Meanwhile more sophisticated cyber-attacks have appeared,e.g.false data injection(FDI)attacks,which deeply affect the state estimation of power systems and can lead to destructive consequences.To better manage and protect measurement data in power systems,we propose a blockchain-based multi-chain framework,taking advantage of the existing infrastructure.In this framework,measurements from sensors are mined into blocks by base stations using Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance(PBFT)as the consensus protocol.We analyze the security of the proposed framework and carry out simulations to show its superiority compared to existing systems.The result of the simulations further provides guidance for how to structure the networking in the proposed framework.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Electric Power Prediction Models Based on D-S Evidence Theory Combined with Multiple Accuracy Indicators

A comprehensive evaluation method of electric power prediction models using multiple accuracy indicators is proposed.To obtain the preferred models,this paper selects a number of accuracy indicators that can reflect the accuracy of single-point prediction and the correlation of predicted data,and carries out a comprehensive evaluation.First,according to Dempster-Shafer(D-S)evidence theory,a new accuracy indicator based on the relative error(RE)is proposed to solve the problem that RE is inconsistent with other indicators in the quantity of evaluation values and cannot be adopted at the same time.Next,a new dimensionless method is proposed,which combines the efficiency coefficient method with the extreme value method to unify the accuracy indicator into a dimensionless positive indicator,to avoid the conflict between pieces of evidence caused by the minimum value of zero.On this basis,the evidence fusion is used to obtain the comprehensive evaluation value of each model.Then,the principle and the process of consistency checking of the proposed method using the entropy method and the linear combination formula are described.Finally,the effectiveness and the superiority of the proposed method are validated by an illustrative instance.

固体核磁共振定量表征方法及其在高分子结构研究中的应用

高分子材料拥有众多优良的特性,使其广泛应用于现代社会的生产、生活及高新科技等领域。对于高分子特性的研究离不开微观物理、化学结构的定量表征。在众多表征高分子结构定量信息的实验技术中,固体核磁共振(SSNMR)发挥着重要的作用。它可以定量表征高分子的化学结构、材料体系的相成分及共混组分等,从而实现了难溶高分子产物的结构鉴定,以及高分子微观物理、化学结构关联材料性能的研究。然而,传统的SSNMR定量方法(直接激发法,DD)往往需要耗费十几个小时甚至数天的实验时间。交叉极化方法(CP)虽然大大缩短了实验时间,却往往无法提供定量的信息。基于此,研究者们提出了多个定量CP的实验方法,同时满足了方法定量性和实验耗时短的需求。本文综述了传统SSNMR定量方法及几种定量的CP方法,简单介绍了每个方法的基本原理,并平行阐述了实验方法的应用范围及特点,通过部分实例展示了SSNMR定量方法在高分子材料领域的应用价值,为研究者研发新型的高分子材料提供可靠并有效的结构表征手段。

Chromatin-associated SUMOylation controls the transcriptional switch between plant development and heat stress responses

The post-translational protein modification known as SUMOylation has conserved roles in the heat stress responses of various species.The functional connection between the global regulation of gene expression and chromatin-associatedSUMOylation in plant cells isunknown.Here,weuncovereda genome-wide relationship between chromatin-associated SUMOylation and transcriptional switches in Arabidopsis thaliana grown at room temperature,exposed to heat stress,and exposed to heat stress followed by recovery.The small ubiquitin-like modifier(SUMO)-associated chromatin sites,characterized by whole-genome ChIP-seq,were generally associated with active chromatin markers.In response to heat stress,chromatin-associated SUMO signals increased at promoter-transcriptional start site regions and decreased in gene bodies.RNAseq analysis supported the role of chromatin-associatedSUMOylation in transcriptional activation during rapid responses to high temperature.Changes inSUMOsignals on chromatinwere associated with the upregulation of heat-responsivegenesandthedownregulation ofgrowth-relatedgenes.Disruption of theSUMOligasegene SIZ1 abolished SUMOsignals on chromatin and attenuated rapid transcriptional responses to heat stress.The SUMO signal peaks were enriched in DNA elements recognized by distinct groups of transcription factors under different temperature conditions.These observations provide evidence that chromatin-associated SUMOylation regulates the transcriptional switch between development and heat stress response in plant cells.