偶氮苯功能聚合物的合成及光响应性

采用4-羟基偶氮苯和2-溴异丁酰溴反应制备了引发剂溴代异丁酸偶氮苯酯(AZO-Br),利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)反应,以AZO-Br为引发剂,甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)为单体,通过改变AZO-Br和DMAEMA的配比,设计制备了一系列偶氮苯封端的聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯(AZO-PDMAEMA)。利用红外光谱、核磁和凝胶渗透色谱等对所得的AZO-Br引发剂及AZO-PDMAEMA聚合物的结构和相对分子质量及其分布等进行表征。利用紫外-可见光分光光度计对AZO-PDMAEMA聚合物的光响应性进行了测试。结果表明,聚合物在325 nm处的特征吸收峰的强度随着紫外光照时间的延长而下降,照射37 min后达到平衡;聚合物中偶氮苯基团的相对含量越少越有利于光异构化反应的发生;在紫外光和可见光的交替照射下,AZO-PDMAEMA聚合物表现出了可循环的光响应性。

Urban land-use impacts on composition and spatiotemporal variations in abundance and biomass of earthworm community

Soil fauna can sensitively respond to alterations in soil environment induced by land-use changes.However,little is known about the impact of urban land-use changes on earthworm communities.In this study,three land-use types(i.e.,forest,nursery and abandoned lands)were chosen to identify differences in diversity,abundance and biomass of earthworm community in Kunming City.Urban land-use had a pronounced difference in species composition,evenness and diversity of earthworm communities.Forest land had the highest density,biomass and diversity of the earthworm communities.Total abundance was dominated by endogeic species in nursery land(70%)and abandoned land(80%),whereas in the forest land,the earthworm community comprised epigeic,endogeic and anecic species.Temporal changes in earthworm density and biomass were also significantly affected by land-use change.Total density and biomass of earthworms in the forest and nursery lands were highest in September,but highest in the abandoned land in October.The influence of soil physicochemical properties on the earthworm density and biomass also varied with land-use types.Soil temperature significantly affected earthworm density and biomass in the three land-use types.Soil pH was positively correlated with earthworm biomass in the forest land,but negatively associated with earthworm density in the abandoned land.Soil organic matter was positively correlated only with density and biomass of earthworms in the nursery and abandoned lands.Our results suggest that the species composition,abundance and biomass of earthworm communities can be determined by the modification of soil properties associated with urban land-use type.

The Simulation of Five Tropical Cyclones by Sample Optimization of Ensemble Forecasting Based on the Observed Track and Intensity

The quality of ensemble forecasting is seriously affected by sample quality.In this study,the distributions of ensemble members based on the observed track and intensity of tropical cyclones(TCs)were optimized and their influence on the simulation results was analyzed.Simulated and observed tracks and intensities of TCs were compared and these two indicators were combined and weighted to score the sample.Samples with higher scores were retained and samples with lower scores were eliminated to improve the overall quality of the ensemble forecast.For each sample,the track score and intensity score were added as the final score of the sample with weight proportions of 10 to 0,9 to 1,8 to 2,7 to 3,6 to 4,5 to 5.These were named as“tr”,“91”,“82”,“73”,“64”,and“55”,respectively.The WRF model was used to simulate five tropical cyclones in the northwestern Pacific to test the ability of this scheme to improve the forecast track and intensity of these cyclones.The results show that the sample optimization effectively reduced the track and intensity error,“55”usually had better performance on the short-term intensity prediction,and“tr”had better performance in short-term track prediction.From the overall performance of the track and intensity simulation,“91”was the best and most stable among all sample optimization schemes.These results may provide some guidance for optimizing operational ensemble forecasting of TCs.

An Initialization Scheme for Weak Tropical Cyclones in the South China Sea

Variations in the initial structure of tropical cyclones(TCs) inevitably affect prediction results;however, the bogus model cannot accurately describe the structure of a weak tropical cyclone with increased initial field resolution. This study aims to construct a model to improve the prediction of weak TC in southern China. Based on the ECMWF 0.1° analysis data, several vortices were filtered out from tropical depressions and tropical storms in 2018 and 2019 to represent a weak TC reservoir in the South China Sea. For different simulation objects, filtered vortices were combined with the TC environmental field to form ensemble members. The observed TC information was assimilated for simulating TCs Bebinca, Mun, and Ewiniar to verify the feasibility of the proposed model, based on the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System(GRAPES) 9-km model developed by the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology. The results show that the initialization scheme of the weak tropical cyclone model improved the intensity prediction of the TC by 26.81%(Bebinca), 18.65%(Mun), and 47.00%(Ewiniar), compared with the control experiment. Because typhoon intensity forecasting has not notably improved for many years, this scheme has certain scientific and operational significance.