哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什湖沉积物粒度特征及其对区域环境变化的响应

湖泊沉积物中的粒度参数记载了丰富的流域环境变化信息,可为无器测资料地区重建古环境变化序列提供可靠的途径。通过对巴尔喀什湖岩芯沉积物中粒度、磁化率等环境代用指标的分析,结合放射性137Cs定年以及流域气候、湖泊水位等器测记录数据,研究了巴尔喀什湖沉积物中粒度变化特征及其环境指示意义。结果表明:巴尔喀什湖沉积物中黏土质(<4μm)组分平均含量为20.32%,细粉砂质(4~16μm)为40.13%,中粉砂质(16~32μm)为22.86%,粗粉砂质(32~64μm)为10.55%,砂质(>64μm)为6.13%。通过粒径标准-偏差法提取了沉积物中环境细颗粒敏感组分(F1,6.61~10.00μm)和粗颗粒敏感组分(F2,45.71~69.18μm)。研究表明在人类活动影响不断加强的背景下,粒度敏感组分的含量变化不能敏感的反映湖泊水位、入湖径流乃至区域气候的变化,而与沉积物中磁化率所反映的人类活动强度变化存在较为显著的相关关系(r=0.870,P<0.01),这可能与人类活动增强导致的流域内富含磁性物质的细颗粒碎屑物质被搬运入湖有关,湖泊沉积物中磁化率升高的同时,湖泊沉积物中细颗粒物质增加。研究结果可为长时间尺度下古环境重建研究提供重要参考依据,同时也对揭示流域人类活动对湖泊环境的影响具有一定的科学意义。

新疆天山西段夏季河流水化学特征及其影响因素研究

在对天山西段两条主要河流(伊犁河、博尔塔拉河)常量离子组成进行分析基础上,结合数理统计学方法、水化学图解等方法探讨了水化学特征及其影响因素;在此基础上,对两条河流的灌溉适宜性进行了评价,以期为天山西段水环境状况评估提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)伊犁河和博尔塔拉河水体均呈弱碱性,pH分别为8.01和8.55;主要离子浓度排序一致,其中:阳离子Ca^(2+)>Na^(+)>Mg^(2+)>K^(+),阴离子HCO_(3)->SO_(4)^(2-)>Cl^(-),Piper分类图显示水化学类型为HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg;(2)博尔塔拉河和伊犁河水体离子组成主要受岩石风化作用的影响;(3)水样中93%的样品落在优良区,表明伊犁河和博尔塔拉河河水灌溉适应性评价为水质适宜灌溉。研究结果对天山西段水环境评价及水资源可持续利用具有较为重要的意义。

锡尔河流域哈萨克斯坦境内农田土壤粒度特征及空间异质性

以锡尔河流域哈萨克斯坦境内农田土壤为研究对象,结合经典统计学和地统计学方法,开展了0~20 cm土层土壤粒度特征及空间异质性研究。结果表明:(1)各子研究区内不同粒径土壤颗粒的分布特征较为相似,均以0.25~0.05 mm和0.05~0.01 mm粒径颗粒的平均含量占比最高,除子区3中粒径为1.0~0.25 mm土壤颗粒含量具有较强的变异性,其他各粒径土壤颗粒含量都具有中等程度变异性;(2)子区1中除粒径为1.0~0.05 mm土壤颗粒以外,其他粒径土壤颗粒含量的块金系数均<40%,子区2各粒径土壤颗粒含量块金系数均<50%,子区3除粒径<0.001 mm土壤颗粒以外,其他粒径土壤颗粒含量的块金系数均<40%,表明各研究区内土壤颗粒组成已经受到不同程度随机性因素的影响;(3)利用克里金插值方法对研究区不同粒径土壤颗粒含量进行空间插值,插值结果表明研究区内不同粒径土壤颗粒含量在空间分布上表现出不同的分布特征。研究结果可为农田土壤的合理利用以及退化土壤改良提供科学依据。

塔里木河下游生态输水对地表水体面积变化的影响

以河湖为主体的塔里木河下游地表水体的面积受到输水工程的影响,在区域水循环、调节水平衡中扮演着重要角色。基于近20 a塔里木河下游Landsat 5、Landsat 7和Landsat 8影像资料和生态输水数据,综合采用Google Earth Engine(GEE)计算平台和多元统计分析方法,对地表水体面积变化及其对生态输水的响应进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)2000—2019年,塔里木河下游区域的地表水体、季节性水体和永久性水体的面积均呈现波动上升趋势,速率分别为15.54 km^(2)·a^(-1)、7.12 km^(2)·a^(-1)和8.41 km^(2)·a^(-1);塔里木河下游上段(大西海子水库—英苏,不包括大西海子水库)、中段(英苏—阿拉干)和下段(阿拉干—台特玛湖)区域的季节性水体和永久水体面积也均呈现波动增加趋势,其中下段区域的增加速率最大,其值分别为5.23 km^(2)·a^(-1)和8.24 km^(2)·a^(-1)。(2)生态输水引起的地表水体面积增加主要表现在台特玛湖湖区,2019年台特玛湖湖区的地表永久水体和季节性水体面积分别约为267.27 km^(2)和188.00 km^(2),总体水面积约为455.27 km^(2),相比2000年(约38.19 km^(2))增加了417.08 km^(2)(约10.92倍)。(3)近20 a来,研究区域地表水体面积,尤其是永久水体面积变化与塔里木河下游生态输水量密切相关;2007—2009年输水量下泄水量较少,直接导致研究区域在2009年地表水体和季节性水体的面积均减少到最低点。研究结果有助于全面理解塔里木河下游生态输水对地表水体变化的影响,为区域水生态保护提供科学依据。

Saline dust storms and their ecological impacts in arid regions

In many arid and semiarid regions,saline playas represent a significant source of unconsoli-dated sediments available for aeolian transport,and severe saline dust storms occur frequently due to human disturbance.In this study,saline dust storms are reviewed systematically from the aspects of con-cept,general characteristics,conditions of occurrence,distribution and ecological impact.Our researches showed that saline dust storms are a kind of chemical dust storm originating in dry lake beds in arid and semiarid regions;large areas of unconsolidated saline playa sediments and frequent strong winds are the basic factors to saline dust storm occurrence;there are differentiation characteristics in deposition flux and chemical composition with wind-blown distance during saline dust storm diffusion;and saline dust storm diffusion to some extent increases glacier melt and results in soil salinization in arid regions.An under-standing of saline dust storms is important to guide disaster prevention and ecological rehabilitation.

Spatial distribution of soil moisture,salinity and organic matter in Manas River watershed,Xinjiang,China

With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods, the study of the spatial distribution and its in- fluence factors of soil water, salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed. The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution, with average values of 14.08%-21.55%. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moder- ate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718, which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors. Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers. The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture; total soil salinity was high in east but low in west, and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area. Under the effect of reservoir leakage, the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area. The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment, which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm. The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes： the sulfate, chloride-sulfate, sulfate-chloride and chloride. The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer. The areas of chloride-sulfate, sulfate-chloride, and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth; the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was be- tween 7.48%-11.33%. The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment, which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation. The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation. The spatial distribution patterns of soil or- ganic matter and soil moisture were similar; the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area, with the lowest contents in the middle.

The climatic and hydrological changes and environmental responses recorded in lake sediments of Xinjiang,China

Based on the analyses of environmental proxy data in lake sediments and instrumental records of Xinjiang in northwest China, the Holocene climate and hydrological variability and its environmental responses were studied in different time scales and regions. The results showed that the Holocene climate variability had obvious differences between the north and south of Xinjiang. In northern Xinjiang, the Holocene climate was dry in the early period, humid in the middle period, and then changed to dry in the late period. However, the climate transition times were not consistent in different regions. In southern Xin- jiang, although there were many different types of climate change patterns inferred from different catch- ments, the warm and wet climate was recorded in most lake sediments in the middle Holocene. According to comparisons of some millennium scale records in lake sediments, the climate was warm and dry in the past 100 years. It can be concluded the climate showed a trend of aridity in Holocene. Especially in recent 50 years, the lake area has been shrinking rapidly because of the population growth and social economic development, which brings some environmental problems. Lake level and area changes were sensitively affected by the climate variation in geological history of Xinjiang and the lake level will continue to shrink because of the drought climate and strengthened human activities.

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.

Spatial differentiation in stable isotope compositions of surface waters and its environmental significance in the Issyk-Kul Lake region of Central Asia

Stable isotope values of oxygen(^(18)O) and hydrogen(^(2)H) of surface waters were used to study the origin and environmental significances in the Issyk-Kul basin of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia, which is the most important intermountain basin in the modern Tien Shan orogen. This study is the first analysis of hydrochemical spatial differentiation in the stable isotopes of surface waters in this watershed.75 samples were collected from rivers, springs, lakes,rain and snow during the rainy season in July and August of 2016. Stable isotopes of ^(18)O and ^(2)H were studied for all samples, and cation ratios(Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca) were also determined for lake water samples.Stable isotope values from precipitation scattered around the Local Meteoric Water Line(determined from Urumqi Station of the global network of isotopes in precipitation(GNIP)), together with values of the Deuterium excess parameter(d) from 15.3‰ to30.5‰, with an average of 19.8‰, indicating that the moisture sources are primarily from regions with low relative humidity. The δ^(18)O and δ^(2)H values were significantly different between the river and lake samples, indicating that regional evaporation caused the isotopic enrichment of lake water. Geospatial autocorrelation, measured by Moran's I coefficient,indicated weak spatial autocorrelation within stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the surface waters of the studied area, which is primarily an effect of climate during the water chemistry evolution. The cation ratios Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca in lake water samples were not correlated with the concentration of total dissolved solids, but did show correlation with stable isotopic values, which is significant for paleoenvironmental reconstruction.

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.

Irrigation erosion of irrigated soils in the foothills of southern Kazakhstan

Abstract： This paper presented the results from the study of irrigation erosion of irrigated lands in southern Ka- zakhstan. The main purpose of the work is the conservation of the fertility of irrigated soils, and then the soils of the upper, middle and lower sections of the slopes at the experimental site were studied. Based on field investigations, authors studied the water resistance of aggregates of gray-brown soils and light gray soils before and after irrigation and qualitative indicators of changes in physical and chemical properties of structured soils in irrigation were de- termined by conventional methods of soil research. The results indicated that the changes in the physical properties of soils by using polymeric compounds created a fundamentally new opportunity to control water erosion of soils.

Variation Trends of Dust Storms in Relation to Meteorological Conditions and Anthropogenic Impacts in the Northeast Edge of the Taklimakan Desert, China

To reveal the multivariate relationships between man-made and meteorological factors on dust storm frequency, the LUCC data, NDVI remote sensing data and meteorological data for the period of 1983-2013 were combined with dust storm frequency data, and the possible impacts of meteorological and anthropogenic factors on dust storm frequency were analyzed by using regression analysis and PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Results show that the inter-annual dust storm frequency increased gradually. In particular, an increasing trend in recent years, after 2009, is conspicuous. The monthly frequency of dust storms shows higher values between the months of February and May, with the highest mean number of events occurring in April, which accounts for 29% of the annual dust storm frequency. The annual dust storm frequency is positively correlated with wind speed and negatively correlated with precipitation;the monthly dust storm frequency is positively correlated with wind speed, but no significant correlation can be found with precipitation. The relationship between temperature and dust storms is not simply linear, however, a certain correlation with an unremarkable statistical significance can be found between them. Human activities also affect the dynamics of dust storms indirectly via changing vegetation coverage and direct dust emissions. The multivariate analysis further confirmed the association between dust storm frequency and meteorological factors and NDVI. The high loadings of dust storm frequency, wind speed, precipitation and NDVI on a PC indicate that the increased precipitation and NDVI will decrease dust storm frequency, and increased wind speed will increase dust storm frequency.

Machine learning-based prediction of sand and dust storm sources in arid Central Asia

With the emergence of multisource data and the development of cloud computing platforms,accurate prediction of event-scale dust source regions based on machine learning(ML)methods should be considered,especially accounting for the temporal variability in sample and predictor variables.Arid Central Asia(ACA)is recognized as one of the world’s primary potential sand and dust storm(SDS)sources.In this study,based on the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform,four ML methods were used for SDS source prediction in ACA.Fourteen meteorological and terrestrial factors were selected as influencing factors controlling SDS source susceptibility and applied in the modeling process.Generally,the results revealed that the random forest(RF)algorithm performed best,followed by the gradient boosting tree(GBT),maximum entropy(MaxEnt)model and support vector machine(SVM).The Gini impurity index results of the RF model indicated that the wind speed played the most important role in SDS source prediction,followed by the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI).This study could facilitate the development of programs to reduce SDS risks in arid and semiarid regions,particularly in ACA.

新疆博斯腾湖表层沉积物粒度空间分布特征

结合数理统计学方法,通过对新疆博斯腾湖表层沉积物的粒度组成、粒度参数、粒度频率曲线等粒度特征的分析,探讨湖泊表层沉积物的粒度空间特征及其影响因素。结果表明：在博斯腾湖表层沉积物粒度组分中,细粉沙质（4~16μm）组分为优势粒级,含量为19.2%~62.1%,平均值为40.1%。粒度组成空间特征总体表现为：以湖泊西北角为中心的环状分布,表明受清水河、黄水沟等的影响以及顺反时针环流的影响,由西北部向西南部和东南部延伸,细颗粒组分含量逐渐增加,粗颗粒组分含量逐渐减少,南岸堆积大量黏土组分。沉积物样品可分为两类,指示不同湖区的沉积环境：（1）开阔湖区：沉积物粒度频率曲线虽以多峰为主,但是形状大体一致,存在显著的众数粒径为6~20μm的主峰,在500μm和1μm左右各有一个低峰,为负偏态,表明沉积物处于悬移搬运作用为主的静水低能沉积环境;（2）河口区：沉积物粒度频率曲线为多峰型,表现为众数粒径为70~100μm的主峰,部分还存在2~10μm的次峰,以及在500μm和1μm左右各有一个低峰,表明此区处于滨岸湖浪和河流混合作用的高能沉积环境。通过分析粒度特征的空间分布,揭示不同湖区的现代沉积环境和水动力条件的差异,为进一步研究湖泊污染物输入、扩散等反映现代生态环境的研究提供科学参考。

博尔塔拉河地表水重金属来源分析及其污染评价

2017年9月下旬沿博尔塔拉河采集水样41个,分析了各个样点6种重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb)的含量变化和空间分布特征,并结合河流周边环境特征分析了各重金属的来源,同时利用国家标准值和重金属污染指数(HPI)对区域重金属污染状况进行了评价,结果表明:(1)博尔塔拉河地表水中6种重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Cd含量的空间差异性均处于中高等变异水平,其中Zn、Cd和Pb的含量高值点主要位于下游的艾比湖湖区附近,Cu的含量高值点位于博乐市周边及下游区域,Cr和As的含量高值点多集中于中下游区域,结合周边环境特征判断Zn、Cd和Pb是受耕作施肥、交通和工农业活动的共同影响,而Cr和As主要受农业活动的影响。(2)根据《地表水环境质量标准》和《生活饮用水卫生标准》及HPI指数评价表明应加强中下游区域地表水中As和Pb的监控力度,本研究对了解区域河水重金属污染状况及区域水环境安全的保障具有重要的意义。

巴尔喀什湖流域水化学和同位素空间分布及环境特征

巴尔喀什湖位于哈萨克斯坦境内,是世界上最大的湖泊之一.伊犁河是巴尔喀什湖的主要补给河流,也是中哈两国重要的跨境河流.通过数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和主成分分析(PCA)等方法,对巴尔喀什湖流域不同水体的化学参数和氢氧稳定同位素(δD和δ18O)进行分析,初步研究了该区域水化学类型和同位素空间分布特征,探讨了其形成原因和环境意义.结果表明,不同水体的水化学类型不同,湖泊水体的主要化学类型为SO4-Na和Cl-Na,入湖河流的水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型,其中伊犁河水化学类型从上游到下游由重碳酸盐型过渡到硫酸化物型、氯化物型;Gibbs图显示湖泊水体离子组成位于蒸发作用区,河流水体离子组成位于蒸发作用和岩石风化作用之间,伊犁河从上游到下游向蒸发控制带偏移,反映了上游河水受降水、冰雪融水的补给影响较大,而下游水体受蒸发作用影响较大;此外,PCA分析指示人类活动对湖泊、伊犁河中下游和其他入湖河流水化学的影响.湖泊和河流水体的氢氧同位素组成变化差异较大,湖泊水体氢氧同位素偏正,位于全球大气降水线和哈萨克斯坦地区蒸发线之间,氘盈余小于全球降水线,反映了较强的蒸发作用导致湖水同位素富集;河流水体的氢氧同位素位于全球降水线附近,河流水体的氢氧同位素关系方程的斜率(伊犁河:5. 7,其他入湖河流:3. 1)均低于全球降水线(8),表明降水和蒸发过程影响河流水体同位素组成.湖泊水体化学参数和同位素显著相关,尤其是东部水体,表明强烈的蒸发作用同时导致水体同位素的富集和水化学离子的浓缩.

新疆博斯腾湖近现代湖泊沉积物粒度分布特征及其环境记录

以新疆博斯腾湖岩芯(41 cm)沉积物粒度为研究对象,结合放射性同位素210Pb测年方法建立了沉积年代序列,利用粒径-标准偏差方法分析了沉积物中环境敏感组分,并重建了过去150 a来的湖泊水位变化历史。博斯腾湖岩芯沉积物中黏土质(<4μm)含量为18%,细粉砂质(4~16μm)含量为40.2%,中粉砂质(16~32μm)含量23.3%,粗粉砂质(32~64μm)含量13.4%,砂质(>64μm)仅有5.1%,不同粒级组分的垂向变化趋势具有较为明显的差异性。通过粒径-标准偏差法对沉积物环境敏感组分的提取表明,组分C2(粒径7.59~22.91μm)的平均粒径变化与中值粒径变化一致(r=0.7,P<0.01),组分C2对博斯腾湖沉积环境变化响应敏感,并由此重建了过去150 a的湖泊水位变化历史。1940年之前,博斯腾湖水位整体处于近150 a来的历史低值期,1910s-1930s低水位期代表了一次较大范围的区域干旱事件;在气候变化和显著增强的人类活动的共同作用下,1980s中后期博斯腾湖水位显著降低。湖泊水位作为沉积粒度变化的影响因子之一,可以通过湖泊沉积物中环境敏感组分的含量重建过去博斯腾湖水位的波动历史,为研究湖泊的历史变化规律及其影响因素提供一种新的途径。

中亚气候变化:中德合作研究成果

Central Asia(CA)occupies the hinterland of the Eurasian continent,containing the countries of Uzbekistan,Kyrgyzstan,Turkmenistan,Tajikistan,and Kazakhstan[1,2].Being isolated by the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan,the Tibetan Plateau and the Tian Shan Mountains on the border between China and Kyrgyzstan.