Epithermal gold deposits are typical precious metal deposits related to volcanic and subvolcanic magmatism.Due to the lack of direct geological and petrographic evidences,the origin of the ore-forming fluid is deduced...Epithermal gold deposits are typical precious metal deposits related to volcanic and subvolcanic magmatism.Due to the lack of direct geological and petrographic evidences,the origin of the ore-forming fluid is deduced from the spatial diagenesis-mineralization relationship,chronological data,physicochemical characteristics of mineral fluid inclusions,mineral or rock elements and isotopic geochemical characteristics.By objectively examining this scientific problem via a geological field survey and petrographic analysis of the Gaosongshan epithermal gold deposit,we recently discovered and verified the following points:(1) Pyrite-bearing spherical quartz aggregates (PSQA) occur in the rhyolitic porphyry;(2) the mineralization is structurally dominated by WNW- and ENE-trending systems and occurs mostly in hydrothermal breccias and pyrite-quartz veins,and the ore types are mainly hematite-crusted quartz,hydrothermal breccia,massive pyrite-quartz,etc.;(3) the alteration types consist of prevalent silicification,sericitization,propylitization and carbonation,with local adularization and illitization.The ore minerals are mainly pyrite,primary hematite,native gold,and electrum,with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite,magnetite,sphalerite,and galena,indicating a characteristic epithermal low-sulfidation deposit.The ore-forming fluid may have been primarily derived from magmatic fluid exsolved from a crystallizing rhyolitic porphyry magma.Further zircon U-Pb geochronology,fluid inclusion,physicochemical and isotopic geochemical analyses revealed that (1) rhyolitic porphyry magmatism occurred at 104.6 ± 1.0 Ma,whereas the crystallization of the PSQA occurred at 100.8 ± 2.1 Ma;(2) the hydrothermal fluid of the pre-ore stage was an exsolved CO2-bearing H2O-NaCl magmatic fluid that produced inclusions mainly composed of pure vapor (PV),vapor-rich (WV) and liquid-rich (WL) inclusions with a small number of melt-(M) and solid-bearing (S) inclusions;mineralization-stage quartz contains WL and rare PV,WV and pure liquid (PL) inclusions characterized by the H2O-NaCl system with low formation temperatures and low salinities;(3) the characteristics of hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead isotopes and those of rare earth elements (REEs) provide insight into the affinity between PSQA and orebodies resulting from juvenile crust or enriched mantle.Combined with previous research on the mineralogenetic epoch (99.32 ± 0.01 Ma),we further confirm that the mineralization of the deposit occurred in the late Early Cretaceous,which coincides with the extension of the continental margin induced by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.The formation of the ore deposit was proceeded by a series of magmatic and hydrothermal events,including melting of enriched juvenile crust,upwelling,the eruption and emplacement of the rhyolitic magma,the exsolution and accumulation of magmatic hydrothermal fluid,decompression,the cooling and immiscibility/boiling of the fluid,and mixing of the magmatic fluid with meteoric water,in association with water-rock interaction.展开更多
The Erdaogou gold deposit is located in the conjuncture of North China Carton and Xingmeng orogenic belt.The ore-forming process of Erdaogou gold deposit is divided into three stages(ⅠtoⅢ),which are quartz-pyrite st...The Erdaogou gold deposit is located in the conjuncture of North China Carton and Xingmeng orogenic belt.The ore-forming process of Erdaogou gold deposit is divided into three stages(ⅠtoⅢ),which are quartz-pyrite stage(stage I),quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage(stage II)and quartz-calcite stage(stage III).Two types of fluid inclusions is distinguished in the ore-forming stage,i.e.,aqueous type(W-type)and aqueous-carbonic type(C-type)inclusions.From the stageⅠtoⅢ,the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions are respectively 334-395,214-364 and 172-272℃,with salinities of 7.72 wt.%-11.23 wt.%NaCl equiv.,0.20 wt.%-23.18 wt.%NaCl equiv.,and 0.35 wt.%to 5.25 wt.%NaCl equiv.The ore-forming fluids of the Erdaogou deposit have the characteristics of medium-low temperatures,moderate salinities and low densities.And the fluids belong to the CO,-H2O-NaCl system.The values ofδ34SV-CDT in sulphide samples at different stages(stages I to III)are between-2.2‰ to 2.3‰,indicating sulfur source from magma volatiles or subvolcanic rock leaching.The lead isotopes suggest that ore-forming metals may be derived from a mixture of lower crust and mantle materials.Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data at Erdaogou indicate that magmatic fluid and meteoric water may both be involved in the hydrothermal system.Based on the geological characteris-tics,fluid inclusion results,stable and radiogenic isotope results of Erdaogou gold deposit,we believe that the temperature decrease,fluid boiling are the key factors leading to the ore precipitation and the genetic type of Erdaogou gold deposit is low-sulfidation epithermal deposit.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2017YFC0601306)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41390444)+1 种基金the Program of the China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20160344)supported by Team 707, Heilongjiang Bureau of Geological Exploration for Nonferrous Metals
文摘Epithermal gold deposits are typical precious metal deposits related to volcanic and subvolcanic magmatism.Due to the lack of direct geological and petrographic evidences,the origin of the ore-forming fluid is deduced from the spatial diagenesis-mineralization relationship,chronological data,physicochemical characteristics of mineral fluid inclusions,mineral or rock elements and isotopic geochemical characteristics.By objectively examining this scientific problem via a geological field survey and petrographic analysis of the Gaosongshan epithermal gold deposit,we recently discovered and verified the following points:(1) Pyrite-bearing spherical quartz aggregates (PSQA) occur in the rhyolitic porphyry;(2) the mineralization is structurally dominated by WNW- and ENE-trending systems and occurs mostly in hydrothermal breccias and pyrite-quartz veins,and the ore types are mainly hematite-crusted quartz,hydrothermal breccia,massive pyrite-quartz,etc.;(3) the alteration types consist of prevalent silicification,sericitization,propylitization and carbonation,with local adularization and illitization.The ore minerals are mainly pyrite,primary hematite,native gold,and electrum,with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite,magnetite,sphalerite,and galena,indicating a characteristic epithermal low-sulfidation deposit.The ore-forming fluid may have been primarily derived from magmatic fluid exsolved from a crystallizing rhyolitic porphyry magma.Further zircon U-Pb geochronology,fluid inclusion,physicochemical and isotopic geochemical analyses revealed that (1) rhyolitic porphyry magmatism occurred at 104.6 ± 1.0 Ma,whereas the crystallization of the PSQA occurred at 100.8 ± 2.1 Ma;(2) the hydrothermal fluid of the pre-ore stage was an exsolved CO2-bearing H2O-NaCl magmatic fluid that produced inclusions mainly composed of pure vapor (PV),vapor-rich (WV) and liquid-rich (WL) inclusions with a small number of melt-(M) and solid-bearing (S) inclusions;mineralization-stage quartz contains WL and rare PV,WV and pure liquid (PL) inclusions characterized by the H2O-NaCl system with low formation temperatures and low salinities;(3) the characteristics of hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead isotopes and those of rare earth elements (REEs) provide insight into the affinity between PSQA and orebodies resulting from juvenile crust or enriched mantle.Combined with previous research on the mineralogenetic epoch (99.32 ± 0.01 Ma),we further confirm that the mineralization of the deposit occurred in the late Early Cretaceous,which coincides with the extension of the continental margin induced by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.The formation of the ore deposit was proceeded by a series of magmatic and hydrothermal events,including melting of enriched juvenile crust,upwelling,the eruption and emplacement of the rhyolitic magma,the exsolution and accumulation of magmatic hydrothermal fluid,decompression,the cooling and immiscibility/boiling of the fluid,and mixing of the magmatic fluid with meteoric water,in association with water-rock interaction.
基金This research was supported by the National Key Development Project(No.2018YFC0603804)China Geological Survey(No.DD20190042)Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia,Ministry of Natural Resources.
文摘The Erdaogou gold deposit is located in the conjuncture of North China Carton and Xingmeng orogenic belt.The ore-forming process of Erdaogou gold deposit is divided into three stages(ⅠtoⅢ),which are quartz-pyrite stage(stage I),quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage(stage II)and quartz-calcite stage(stage III).Two types of fluid inclusions is distinguished in the ore-forming stage,i.e.,aqueous type(W-type)and aqueous-carbonic type(C-type)inclusions.From the stageⅠtoⅢ,the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions are respectively 334-395,214-364 and 172-272℃,with salinities of 7.72 wt.%-11.23 wt.%NaCl equiv.,0.20 wt.%-23.18 wt.%NaCl equiv.,and 0.35 wt.%to 5.25 wt.%NaCl equiv.The ore-forming fluids of the Erdaogou deposit have the characteristics of medium-low temperatures,moderate salinities and low densities.And the fluids belong to the CO,-H2O-NaCl system.The values ofδ34SV-CDT in sulphide samples at different stages(stages I to III)are between-2.2‰ to 2.3‰,indicating sulfur source from magma volatiles or subvolcanic rock leaching.The lead isotopes suggest that ore-forming metals may be derived from a mixture of lower crust and mantle materials.Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data at Erdaogou indicate that magmatic fluid and meteoric water may both be involved in the hydrothermal system.Based on the geological characteris-tics,fluid inclusion results,stable and radiogenic isotope results of Erdaogou gold deposit,we believe that the temperature decrease,fluid boiling are the key factors leading to the ore precipitation and the genetic type of Erdaogou gold deposit is low-sulfidation epithermal deposit.