A comprehensive review of cavitation in valves:mechanical heart valves and control valves

Valves are widely used in various working conditions for their flow control functions,and the cavitation inside valves has been investigated owing to its harm to the valve itself and the connecting downstream parts.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the progress that has been achieved in the past years about cavitation in valves including both mechanical heart valves and control valves.The review is divided in the following parts,namely the location where there is a high possibility of the occurrence of cavitation,the parameters that affect cavitation intensity,and the methods to minimize cavitation intensity.It should be noticed that although simulation has been widely used,advanced experiments are still needed in order to obtain accurate analysis of cavitation in valves and the cavitation model still needs to be improved.

Solid-liquid flow characteristics and sticking-force analysis of valve-core fitting clearance

External contamination particles or wear particles corroded by a valve body are mixed into the fluid. As a result, when the fluid enters the fitting clearance of the valve core, it can cause an increase in resistance and lead to sticking failure of the valve core. This paper analyzes solid-liquid flow characteristics in fitting clearances and valve-core sticking based on the Euler-Euler model, using a typical hydraulic valve as an example. The impact of particle concentration and diameter on flow characteristics and valve-core sticking force was analyzed. The highest volume fraction of particles was in the pressureequalizing groove(PEG), with peak values increasing as the particle diameter increased. The sticking force increased with increasing particle concentration. When the particle diameter was 12 μm, the sticking force was the largest, making this the sensitive particle diameter. Particle distribution and valve-core sticking force were compared for oval, rectangular, and triangular PEGs. The fluid-deflection angles in oval and rectangular PEGs were larger, and their values were 32.83° and 39.15°, respectively. The fluid-deflection angle in the triangular PEG was relatively small, less than 50% that of the oval or rectangular PEGs. The particle-volume-fraction peaks in oval, rectangular, and triangular PEGs were 0.0317, 0.0316, and 0.0312, respectively. The sticking forces of oval, rectangular, and triangular PEGs were 4.796, 4.802, and 4.757 N, respectively when the particle diameter was 12 μm. This work provides a reference for design and research aimed at reducing valve-core sticking.

阀芯形状对套筒式调节阀内空化流动的影响研究（英文）

目的:套筒式调节阀内空化的发生不仅会增加整个管路系统的能量损耗,而且会造成阀体及管路的失效破坏。本文旨在探讨四种不同形状的阀芯对套筒式调节阀内不同阀芯位移工况下的空化流动及空化强度的影响,为套筒式调节阀的优化设计及空化控制提出建议。创新点:1.根据四种不同形状的阀芯,研究套筒式调节阀内阀芯形状对流动及空化特性的影响;2.建立数值模型,对套筒式调节阀在不同阀芯形状和不同阀芯位移条件下进行流动及空化分析。方法:1.建立带有不同形状阀芯的套筒式调节阀数值计算模型,并比较分析阀芯形状对阀内速度、压力及空化情况的影响(图4,8和11);2.建立不同阀芯位移条件下的阀门数值模型,比较分析阀芯位移对阀内速度、压力及空化情况的影响(图6和10);3.建立不同形状阀芯及不同阀芯位移下的阀门模型,分析阀芯形状和位移对阀内流动及空化特性的综合影响(图7和13)。结论:1.在四种不同形状阀芯的条件下,高速流动区域和空化发生区主要位于套筒与阀芯之间的间隙;2.在直筒形和椭球形阀芯条件下的阀内空化强度明显强于平底形和圆台形阀芯条件下的空化强度,因此平底形和圆台形阀芯在空化控制方面具有更好的效果;3.在四种不同形状阀芯的条件下,随着阀芯位移的增加,阀内由空化产生的蒸汽总体积先增加后减少。

纳米流体在微尺度特斯拉阀中流动的数值研究（英文）

目的:微通道以其效率高、体积小等特点在许多领域有着越来越广泛的应用。特斯拉阀是一种没有运动部件的止回阀,在微流动控制领域有着明显的优势。大量研究表明,将纳米流体运用到微尺度通道中可明显提高换热效率。本文将二者结合,研究Al2O3-水纳米流体在微尺度特斯拉阀中的流动特性,为微尺度特斯拉阀以及纳米流体的进一步研究提供参考。创新点:1.将特斯拉阀应用于纳米流体的微流动控制中;2.研究不同的操作条件和不同的介质特性对纳米流体在微尺度特斯拉阀中流动特性的影响;3.研究纳米流体在微尺度特斯拉阀中不同流动方向的流体分布和压力情况,并根据特斯拉阀的压降比(反向流动压降/正向流动压降)来分析特斯拉阀对微流动的控制效果。方法:1.建立微尺度特斯拉阀的三维模型;2.通过有效性验证的数值方法,在不同操作条件和不同流动介质特性的情况下,模拟纳米流体在微尺度特斯拉阀中正反两个方向的流动;3.根据流体在流动过程中的分布以及压力的变化情况,分析温度、流体流量和纳米颗粒体积分数对纳米流体在微尺度特斯拉阀中流动特性的影响。结论:1.纳米流体在特斯拉阀中正向流动时,大部分流体进入了分叉段中的直通道;而反向流动时,大部分流体进入了分叉段中的弧形通道,并且随着流量、温度和纳米颗粒体积分数的增加,主流量的百分比增加。2.当纳米流体反向流动时,在弧形通道出口处的射流对压降的影响非常明显,这是导致反向流动压降大于正向流动的重要原因。3.特斯拉阀的压降比受流量的影响最显著;在本文的研究范围内,压降比随着流量的增加而线性增加。

Numerical simulation and structure improvement of double throttling in a high parameter pressure reducing valve

In this paper,a new pressure reducing valve(PRV) with an orifice plate is proposed.The main objective is to explain the mechanisms of pressure reduction and energy conversion in the new PRV.A numerical simulation method was used to investigate the PRV internal flow field and to analyze the throttling effects of the orifice plate and the transform of thermal parameters as outlet pressure,outlet temperature,velocity,and superheat.A structure improvement method for the valve body and orifice plate is put forward to reduce energy loss.The governing equations for internal flow numerical simulation are composed of the continuity,momentum,energy and k-ε transport equations,based on isotropic eddy viscosity theory.Different valve plug displacement models were built to describe the double throttling process.Our analysis shows that the steam pressure drops twice and the degree of superheat increases.There are also lots of eddies which clog the flow channel and disturb the steam flow in the valve cavity after the valve plug and the outlet cavity.After modifying the structure,the numerical results show a better performance of steam flow.

先导式截止阀在不同阀芯位置下流动和汽蚀特性的数值分析（英文）

目的:先导式截止阀可通过一个先导阀,利用流体在阀门前后自身的压差控制主阀的启闭,是一种新型节能型截止阀。本文探讨该阀在开启和关闭状态下、不同入口速度情况下和不同阀芯位置下的流动和汽蚀特性,为后期结构优化提供设计建议。创新点:1.分析先导式截止阀的阀芯上下表面压差的变化情况,验证其可行性和模型准确性;2.建立数值模型,对先导式截止阀在不同启闭状态和不同阀芯位移情况下进行流动和汽蚀分析。方法:1.通过数值模拟,分析阀芯上下表面的压差,并与现有文献进行比较,验证模型的准确性(图3);2.建立开启和关闭条件下的阀门模型,比较两种状态下该阀的流动和汽蚀特性(图4和5);3.建立不同入口速度条件下的阀门模型,比较分析速度对该阀的汽蚀情况的影响(图6);4.建立不同阀芯位置的阀门模型,比较分析不同阀芯位置下的速度和压力情况,进一步验证该阀的可行性,并分析阀芯位置对阀门汽蚀的影响(图7)。结论:1.在开启和关闭状态下,流速和汽含率在阀座底部靠近出口处达到峰值;2.入口速度更高的情况下,阀的开启速度更快,但汽含率并不一定同步上升;3.当阀芯处于低位置时,虽然对阀门出口处影响位置较小,但其压力梯度较大、汽含率较高,选取合适的弹簧刚度非常重要。

A parametric study on unbalanced moment of piston type valve core

In this paper,the piston type valve core and the unbalanced moment on its bottom are studied.To decrease the influence of non-common geometrical factors,a simplified model of the piston type globe valve is proposed in this study.Based on the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method,the effects of different geometrical parameters on the unbalanced moment existing on the bottom of the valve core,which include the bending radius of the inlet flow channel,the diameter of the special-shaped pipe,and the height of the valve core,are studied.Finally,the effects of geometrical parameters on the unbalanced moment on the bottom of the valve core are clarified by correction and variation classification and provide a basis for further optimizing the structure of the piston type valve.The results show that the unbalanced moment decreases with the increase of the bending radius of the inlet flow channel,but increases with the increase of the diameter of the special-shaped pipe and the height of the valve core.Moreover,the relation between the unbalanced moment and flow rate is proposed.

Seal contact performance analysis of soft seals on high-pressure hydrogen charge valves

The charge valve is an important element in the charging port of a high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder(HP-HSC).It is normally closed after the HP-HSC is filled with hydrogen.If the seal of the charge valve is damaged,it will seriously affect the stable operation of the hydrogen supply system and may even cause safety problems.Therefore,the seal performance of the charge valve is important.In this paper,finite element analysis(FEA)is carried out to analyze the seal contact performance of hydrogenated nitrile rubber(HNBR)gaskets in the seal pair of a charge valve.The effects of different pre-compressions,seal widths,and hydrogen pressures on the seal contact performance of the charge valve are analyzed.The contact pressure on the seal surface increases with the increase of pre-compression.With a pre-compression of 2.5 mm,the maximum contact pressure without and with hydrogen pressure are 68.51 and 107.38 MPa,respectively.A contact gap appears in the inner ring of the seal surface with pre-compression below 0.15 mm.The contact gap occurs between the entire seal surface with a seal width of1 mm.The contact pressure on the seal surface and the width of the separation area between the seal surfaces increase with the increase of the seal width.The contact gap between the seal surfaces is zero with a width of 2.5 mm.The width of the separation area between the seal surfaces decreases with the decrease of the hydrogen pressure.The width of the separation area is reduced from 0.5 mm at 35 MPa to 0.17 mm at 15 MPa.This work can be useful for improvement of the seal performance and of the design of the charge valve used in the HP-HSC.

Effect of droplet superficial velocity on mixing efficiency in a microchannel

In this study, droplet characteristics including droplet length and formation time, and mixing efficiency in droplets were investigated via the volume of fluid(VOF) method coupled with a user defined scalar(UDS) model. A cross-shaped junction with a square cross-section was designed and used for droplet formation. An initial arrangement which differed from that of a conventional operation was adopted. Results show that when the droplet superficial velocity is constant, the exchange between the dispersed phase velocity and the continuous phase velocity has a marginal effect on the droplet formation time.However, the exchange has a great effect on droplet length. These findings provide a valuable guide for future operation of droplet formation. In addition, the results show that the mixing efficiency in the droplet forming stage can be classified into time-dominated and length-dominated regimes according to the droplet superficial velocity. When a droplet flows in a microchannel,a higher droplet superficial velocity increases mixing efficiency due to the faster inner circulation and shorter droplet length.

浙江大学特种控制阀研究室（英文）

目的:目前大中型控制阀大多存在结构复杂、驱动能耗大、反应时间慢、振动噪声大、稳定性差和使用寿命短等缺点。基于此,浙江大学相关研究人员组建了特种控制阀研究室,致力于提升控制阀的整体性能和设计水平。研究点:本研究室的主要方向为:1.控制阀内部流动特性分析和新结构设计开发;2.流体目标流量、温度、压力和振动噪声等的智能控制研究;3.适应纳米流体、压缩氢气和高温高压过热蒸汽等新流体介质的智慧控制阀研究。展望:特种控制阀作为超超临界火电机组、核电、石化高压反应和百万吨级乙烯工程等国家重大重点工程的关键零部件之一,将会在内流动机理、新结构开发、新流体介质和智能控制等研究领域得到广泛关注和长足发展。

Practice of flow control and smart valves

Introduction The usual metaphors of“heart”and“throat”indi-cate the importance of pumps and valves in industrial systems including petroleum,chemical,metallurgy,aviation,and aerospace.With the continuous penetra-tion of the industrial internet,the miniaturization,digi-tization,multi-functionalization,and systemization of valves have become very important(Si et al.,2020;Chang et al.,2021;Pang et al.,2021;Bonilla et al.,2022;Yuan et al.,2022;Zhao et al.,2022).