The energy sector has an essential role in limiting the global average temperature increase to below 2°C.Redirecting and advancing technological progress contribute to carbon-free transition solutions.Energy tran...The energy sector has an essential role in limiting the global average temperature increase to below 2°C.Redirecting and advancing technological progress contribute to carbon-free transition solutions.Energy transition is currently one of the most debated issues in the world.This paper reviews and summarizes the current policy projections and their assumptions organized by some major countries in the energy sector,particularly in the coal sector,and provides a detailed discussion on specific and significant socio-technical pathways taken by countries to achieve zero-carbon targets.Their implementation involves restructuring the existing energy system and requires appropriate policy support and sufficient investment in infrastructure development and technological innovation.Some basic principles and countermeasures that have already been implemented by some major emitters,such as India and China,are also discussed,with different transformation pathways.Critical suggestions are also provided,such as implementing best practice policies at the national level,moving to more efficient transition strategies,national and regional cooperation,cross-border energy grid integration,and private sector involvement to reduce carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants,not only by reducing coal consumption but also by introducing various low carbon technologies.展开更多
Purpose:To observe the long-term effects of regular Ba Duan Jin exercises for patients with chronic neck pain.Methods:Participants with chronic neck pain were instructed to perform30 min/d of Ba Duan Jin exercises(n?...Purpose:To observe the long-term effects of regular Ba Duan Jin exercises for patients with chronic neck pain.Methods:Participants with chronic neck pain were instructed to perform30 min/d of Ba Duan Jin exercises(n?36)or assigned to a control group(n?36)for six months.Data from a visual analogue scale,Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire,and the 36-item Shortform Health Survey(SF-36)were collected before,and three and six months after intervention began.Results:Participants undergoing Ba Duan Jin exercises achieved significantly greater improvement than the controls in visual analogue scale,Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire and SF-36 health transition scores(all p<0.05).However,no significant differences were observed in SF-36 physical or mental component summaries.Conclusion:Regular Ba Duan Jin practice reduces suffering and pain,and increases health satisfaction in individuals with chronic neck pain.展开更多
Cross-border grid interconnection is a critical means to achieve wide-area share of hydro and other clean energy.Economic benefit assessment of cross-border grid interconnection projects should be carefully performed ...Cross-border grid interconnection is a critical means to achieve wide-area share of hydro and other clean energy.Economic benefit assessment of cross-border grid interconnection projects should be carefully performed during early stage.In this paper,a method based on cost-benefit economic assessment for optimal planning of cross-border grid interconnection is proposed.An economic index for comprehensively assessing the cost of a transmission project and its resulting benefits of more usage of hydro energy is designed first.A chronological production cost simulation model considering hydro energy spillage due to transmission congestion and thermal operational limitation is then proposed to calculate the economic index.A case study is performed using the proposed method to determine the optimal capacity of a potential transmission link between Brazil and Argentina,which have rich and complementary hydro energy resources.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography can be used for studying the dose-effect and time-effect relationships of drugs affecting central nervous system. Therefore, it may become an effective means f...BACKGROUND: Quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography can be used for studying the dose-effect and time-effect relationships of drugs affecting central nervous system. Therefore, it may become an effective means for monitoring the anesthetic degree of anesthetic drug in the operation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the dose-effect relationship of propofol influencing β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography in rabbits. DESIGN: A randomized block design. SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College. MATERIALS: Thirty-six healthy adult rabbits of either gender, weighing (2.4 ± 0.5 ) kg, of clean grade, were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of Xuzhou Medical College. The involved rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups with 12 in each by table of random digit: high-dose propofol group, moderate-dose propofol group, and low-dose propofol group. The protocol was carried out in accordance with animal ethics guidelines for the use and care of animals. METHODS: This study was carried out in the Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College between August 1999 and April 2000. Rabbits in the high-dose propofol group, moderate-dose propofol group, and low-dose propofol group were injected with 10, 5 and 2.5 mg/kg propofol (ZENECA Company, British, Batch No. 032000), respectively. Before and after intravenous administration of propofol, percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography was measured, and the latent and persistent periods when rabbit righting reflex disappeared were observed by quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography and power spectrum analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography. (2)Latent period and persistent period of abolition of righting reflex of rabbits. RESULTS: Thirty-six rabbits were involved in the final analysis. (1)Effect of propofol on righting reflex of rabbits: Righting reflex disappeared within 1 minute after the rabbits being intravenously injected with propofol. The higher dose, the shorter latent period (r = - 0.94, P 〈 0.01), and the longer persistent period (r =0.79, P 〈 0.01). Both latent period and persistent period had good correlation with propofol dose. (2) Effect of propofol on the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography: In the low-dose propofol group, no significant changes in the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography existed between before and after administration within 30 minutes (P 〉 0.05). In the moderate-dose propofol group, the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography in each brain region except for left and right frontal areas was significantly decreased within 30 s to 5 minutes (P 〈 0.05), and recovered to the level before administration 10 minutes later. In the high-dose propofol group, the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography in each brain region was significantly decreased from 20 s to 5 minutes after administration (P 〈 0.05 - 0.01), and that was gradually recovered to the level before administration 5 to 10 minutes after administration. This tendency was basically the same as the changes of latent period and persistent period. CONCLUSION: Propofol decreases the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmacoelectroencephalography in dose-dependent manner, It indicates that β2-band power might become one of indexes for reflecting the anesthetic degree of propofol,展开更多
Exchange coupling across the interface between a ferromagnetic(FM)layer and an antiferromagnetic(AFM)or another FM layer may induce a unidirectional magnetic anisotropy and/or a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy,which has ...Exchange coupling across the interface between a ferromagnetic(FM)layer and an antiferromagnetic(AFM)or another FM layer may induce a unidirectional magnetic anisotropy and/or a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy,which has been extensively studied due to the important application in magnetic materials and devices.In this work,we observed a fourfold magnetic anisotropy in amorphous Co Fe B layer when exchange coupling to an adjacent Fe Rh layer which is epitaxially grown on an SrTiO_(3)(001)substrate.As the temperature rises from 300 K to 400 K,Fe Rh film undergoes a phase transition from AFM to FM phase,the induced fourfold magnetic anisotropy in the Co Fe B layer switches the orientation from the Fe Rh<110>to Fe Rh<100>directions and the strength is obviously reduced.In addition,the effective magnetic damping as well as the two-magnon scattering of the Co Fe B/Fe Rh bilayer also remarkably increase with the occurrence of magnetic phase transition of Fe Rh.No exchange bias is observed in the bilayer even when Fe Rh is in the nominal AFM state,which is probably because the residual FM Fe Rh moments located at the interface can well separate the exchange coupling between the below pinned Fe Rh moments and the Co Fe B moments.展开更多
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy(OR-PAM)has been shown to be an excellent tool for high-resolution imaging of microvasculature,and quantitative analysis of the microvascula-ture can provide valuable informa...Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy(OR-PAM)has been shown to be an excellent tool for high-resolution imaging of microvasculature,and quantitative analysis of the microvascula-ture can provide valuable information for the early diagnosis and treatment of various vascular-related diseases.In order to address the characteristics of weak signals,discontinuity and small diameters in photoacoustic microvascular images,we propose a method adaptive to the micro-vascular segmentation in photoacoustic images,including Hessian matrix enhancement and the morphological connection operators.The accuracy of our vascular segmentation method is quantitatively evaluated by the multiple criteria.To obtain more precise and continuous mi-crovascular skeletons,an improved skeleton extraction framework based on the multistencil fast marching(MSFM)method is developed.We carried out in vivo OR-PAM microvascular imaging in mouse ears and subcutaneous hepatoma tumor model to verify the correctness and superiority of our proposed method.Compared with the previous methods,our proposed method can extract the microvascular network more completely,continuously and accurately,and provide an ef-fective solution for the quantitative analysis of photoacoustic microvascular images with many small branches.展开更多
In order to extract solanesol from potato stems and leaves more effectively and improve the extraction rate of solanesol, the same batch of potato stems and leaves harvested from Guyuan, Ningxia was selected as a rese...In order to extract solanesol from potato stems and leaves more effectively and improve the extraction rate of solanesol, the same batch of potato stems and leaves harvested from Guyuan, Ningxia was selected as a research object, cell wall of potato stems and leaves was broken by enzymolysis with cellulase and high- speed shearing, and then reflux-extracted with 95% ethanol. Solanesol content was determined by HPLC, and extract yield was calculated. Extract yield and solanesol extraction rate was used as an index for comparison of difference between the 2 wall-breaking methods, so as to select the optimal wall-breaking method. The results showed that enzymolysis with cellulase exhibited extraction rate and extract yield of solanesol of 91.38% and 8.02%, respectively, which were better than those under high-speed shear emulsification technique. The enzymolysis wall-breaking method has the advantages of simple operation and strong feasibility.展开更多
基金supported by the Consultative and Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering(2020-XY-19 and 2019-ZD-34)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515011230)the Humanities and Social Science Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China(16YJCZH162).
基金Global Energy Internet Group Co.,Ltd Science and Technology Project(SGGEIG00JYJS2000046)by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51977123).
文摘The energy sector has an essential role in limiting the global average temperature increase to below 2°C.Redirecting and advancing technological progress contribute to carbon-free transition solutions.Energy transition is currently one of the most debated issues in the world.This paper reviews and summarizes the current policy projections and their assumptions organized by some major countries in the energy sector,particularly in the coal sector,and provides a detailed discussion on specific and significant socio-technical pathways taken by countries to achieve zero-carbon targets.Their implementation involves restructuring the existing energy system and requires appropriate policy support and sufficient investment in infrastructure development and technological innovation.Some basic principles and countermeasures that have already been implemented by some major emitters,such as India and China,are also discussed,with different transformation pathways.Critical suggestions are also provided,such as implementing best practice policies at the national level,moving to more efficient transition strategies,national and regional cooperation,cross-border energy grid integration,and private sector involvement to reduce carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants,not only by reducing coal consumption but also by introducing various low carbon technologies.
文摘Purpose:To observe the long-term effects of regular Ba Duan Jin exercises for patients with chronic neck pain.Methods:Participants with chronic neck pain were instructed to perform30 min/d of Ba Duan Jin exercises(n?36)or assigned to a control group(n?36)for six months.Data from a visual analogue scale,Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire,and the 36-item Shortform Health Survey(SF-36)were collected before,and three and six months after intervention began.Results:Participants undergoing Ba Duan Jin exercises achieved significantly greater improvement than the controls in visual analogue scale,Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire and SF-36 health transition scores(all p<0.05).However,no significant differences were observed in SF-36 physical or mental component summaries.Conclusion:Regular Ba Duan Jin practice reduces suffering and pain,and increases health satisfaction in individuals with chronic neck pain.
基金supported by Science and Technology Foundation of Global Energy Interconnection Group Co.Ltd(52450018000L)。
文摘Cross-border grid interconnection is a critical means to achieve wide-area share of hydro and other clean energy.Economic benefit assessment of cross-border grid interconnection projects should be carefully performed during early stage.In this paper,a method based on cost-benefit economic assessment for optimal planning of cross-border grid interconnection is proposed.An economic index for comprehensively assessing the cost of a transmission project and its resulting benefits of more usage of hydro energy is designed first.A chronological production cost simulation model considering hydro energy spillage due to transmission congestion and thermal operational limitation is then proposed to calculate the economic index.A case study is performed using the proposed method to determine the optimal capacity of a potential transmission link between Brazil and Argentina,which have rich and complementary hydro energy resources.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30471657,39970715Social Development Plan Project of Science Committee of Jiangsu Province, No.BS2000052the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, No.BK2001143
文摘BACKGROUND: Quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography can be used for studying the dose-effect and time-effect relationships of drugs affecting central nervous system. Therefore, it may become an effective means for monitoring the anesthetic degree of anesthetic drug in the operation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the dose-effect relationship of propofol influencing β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography in rabbits. DESIGN: A randomized block design. SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College. MATERIALS: Thirty-six healthy adult rabbits of either gender, weighing (2.4 ± 0.5 ) kg, of clean grade, were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of Xuzhou Medical College. The involved rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups with 12 in each by table of random digit: high-dose propofol group, moderate-dose propofol group, and low-dose propofol group. The protocol was carried out in accordance with animal ethics guidelines for the use and care of animals. METHODS: This study was carried out in the Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College between August 1999 and April 2000. Rabbits in the high-dose propofol group, moderate-dose propofol group, and low-dose propofol group were injected with 10, 5 and 2.5 mg/kg propofol (ZENECA Company, British, Batch No. 032000), respectively. Before and after intravenous administration of propofol, percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography was measured, and the latent and persistent periods when rabbit righting reflex disappeared were observed by quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography and power spectrum analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography. (2)Latent period and persistent period of abolition of righting reflex of rabbits. RESULTS: Thirty-six rabbits were involved in the final analysis. (1)Effect of propofol on righting reflex of rabbits: Righting reflex disappeared within 1 minute after the rabbits being intravenously injected with propofol. The higher dose, the shorter latent period (r = - 0.94, P 〈 0.01), and the longer persistent period (r =0.79, P 〈 0.01). Both latent period and persistent period had good correlation with propofol dose. (2) Effect of propofol on the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography: In the low-dose propofol group, no significant changes in the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography existed between before and after administration within 30 minutes (P 〉 0.05). In the moderate-dose propofol group, the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography in each brain region except for left and right frontal areas was significantly decreased within 30 s to 5 minutes (P 〈 0.05), and recovered to the level before administration 10 minutes later. In the high-dose propofol group, the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography in each brain region was significantly decreased from 20 s to 5 minutes after administration (P 〈 0.05 - 0.01), and that was gradually recovered to the level before administration 5 to 10 minutes after administration. This tendency was basically the same as the changes of latent period and persistent period. CONCLUSION: Propofol decreases the percentage of β2-band power of quantitative pharmacoelectroencephalography in dose-dependent manner, It indicates that β2-band power might become one of indexes for reflecting the anesthetic degree of propofol,
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11874150,51871233,and 12174103)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant Nos.21ZR1420500 and 21JC1402300)。
文摘Exchange coupling across the interface between a ferromagnetic(FM)layer and an antiferromagnetic(AFM)or another FM layer may induce a unidirectional magnetic anisotropy and/or a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy,which has been extensively studied due to the important application in magnetic materials and devices.In this work,we observed a fourfold magnetic anisotropy in amorphous Co Fe B layer when exchange coupling to an adjacent Fe Rh layer which is epitaxially grown on an SrTiO_(3)(001)substrate.As the temperature rises from 300 K to 400 K,Fe Rh film undergoes a phase transition from AFM to FM phase,the induced fourfold magnetic anisotropy in the Co Fe B layer switches the orientation from the Fe Rh<110>to Fe Rh<100>directions and the strength is obviously reduced.In addition,the effective magnetic damping as well as the two-magnon scattering of the Co Fe B/Fe Rh bilayer also remarkably increase with the occurrence of magnetic phase transition of Fe Rh.No exchange bias is observed in the bilayer even when Fe Rh is in the nominal AFM state,which is probably because the residual FM Fe Rh moments located at the interface can well separate the exchange coupling between the below pinned Fe Rh moments and the Co Fe B moments.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants[Nos.91739117 and 61701279]
文摘Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy(OR-PAM)has been shown to be an excellent tool for high-resolution imaging of microvasculature,and quantitative analysis of the microvascula-ture can provide valuable information for the early diagnosis and treatment of various vascular-related diseases.In order to address the characteristics of weak signals,discontinuity and small diameters in photoacoustic microvascular images,we propose a method adaptive to the micro-vascular segmentation in photoacoustic images,including Hessian matrix enhancement and the morphological connection operators.The accuracy of our vascular segmentation method is quantitatively evaluated by the multiple criteria.To obtain more precise and continuous mi-crovascular skeletons,an improved skeleton extraction framework based on the multistencil fast marching(MSFM)method is developed.We carried out in vivo OR-PAM microvascular imaging in mouse ears and subcutaneous hepatoma tumor model to verify the correctness and superiority of our proposed method.Compared with the previous methods,our proposed method can extract the microvascular network more completely,continuously and accurately,and provide an ef-fective solution for the quantitative analysis of photoacoustic microvascular images with many small branches.
基金Supported by Ningxia Agricultural Comprehensive Development Demonstration Project of Integration of Potato Green High-yielding and Mechanized Operation Techniques in 2015(NTKJ2016-09-03)
文摘In order to extract solanesol from potato stems and leaves more effectively and improve the extraction rate of solanesol, the same batch of potato stems and leaves harvested from Guyuan, Ningxia was selected as a research object, cell wall of potato stems and leaves was broken by enzymolysis with cellulase and high- speed shearing, and then reflux-extracted with 95% ethanol. Solanesol content was determined by HPLC, and extract yield was calculated. Extract yield and solanesol extraction rate was used as an index for comparison of difference between the 2 wall-breaking methods, so as to select the optimal wall-breaking method. The results showed that enzymolysis with cellulase exhibited extraction rate and extract yield of solanesol of 91.38% and 8.02%, respectively, which were better than those under high-speed shear emulsification technique. The enzymolysis wall-breaking method has the advantages of simple operation and strong feasibility.