The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway,comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS),stimulator of interferon genes(STING)...The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway,comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS),stimulator of interferon genes(STING), and downstream signaling adaptors, plays an essential role in protective immune defense against microbial DNA and internal damaged-associated DNA and is responsible for various immune-related diseases.After binding with DNA, cytosolic cGAS undergoes conformational change and DNA-linked liquid-liquid phase separation to produce 2’3’-c GAMP for the activation of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-localized STING. However, further studies revealed that cGAS is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and strictly tethered to chromatin to prevent binding with nuclear DNA, and functions differently from cytosoliclocalized cGAS. Detailed delineation of this pathway,including its structure, signaling, and regulatory mechanisms, is of great significance to fully understand the diversity of cGAS-STING activation and signaling and will be of benefit for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review recent progress on the above-mentioned perspectives of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and discuss new avenues for further study.展开更多
Friction plays a critical role in dexterous robotic manipulation.However,realizing friction sensing remains a challenge due to the difficulty in designing sensing structures to decouple multi-axial forces.Inspired by ...Friction plays a critical role in dexterous robotic manipulation.However,realizing friction sensing remains a challenge due to the difficulty in designing sensing structures to decouple multi-axial forces.Inspired by the topological mechanics of knots,we construct optical fiber knot(OFN)sensors for slip detection and friction measurement.By introducing localized self-contacts along the fiber,the knot structure enables anisotropic responses to normal and frictional forces.By employing OFNs and a change point detection algorithm,we demonstrate adaptive robotic grasping of slipping cups.We further develop a robotic finger that can measure tri-axial forces via a centrosymmetric architecture composed of five OFNs.Such a tactile finger allows a robotic hand to manipulate human tools dexterously.This work could provide a straightforward and cost-effective strategy for promoting adaptive grasping,dexterous manipulation,and human-robot interaction with tactile sensing.展开更多
A grain boundary diffusion(GBD)process with Pr_(80-x)Al_(x)Cu_(20)(x=0,10,15,20)low melting point alloys was applied to commercial 42M sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets.The best coercivity enhancement of a diffused magnet wa...A grain boundary diffusion(GBD)process with Pr_(80-x)Al_(x)Cu_(20)(x=0,10,15,20)low melting point alloys was applied to commercial 42M sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets.The best coercivity enhancement of a diffused magnet was for the Pr_(65)Al_(15)Cu_(20)GBD magnet,from 16.38 kOe to 22.38 kOe.Microstructural investigations indicated that increase in the Al content in the diffusion source can form a continuous grain boundary(GB)phase,optimizing the microstructure to enhance the coercivity.The coercivity enhancement is mainly due to the formation of a continuous GB phase to separate the main phase grains.Exchange decoupling between the adjacent main phase grains is enhanced after the GBD process.Meanwhile,the introduction of Al can effectively promote the infiltration of Pr into the magnet,which increases the diffusion rate of rare-earth elements within a certain range.This work provides a feasible method to enhance coercivity and reduce the use of rare-earth resources by partial replacement of rare-earth elements with non-rare-earth elements in the diffusion source.展开更多
With the rapid development of intensive farming,the aquaculture industry uses a great many antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.Despite their therapeutic functions,the overuse and accumul...With the rapid development of intensive farming,the aquaculture industry uses a great many antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.Despite their therapeutic functions,the overuse and accumulation of antibiotics also pose a threat to aquaculture organisms.In the present study,ayu(Plecoglossus altivelis)was used as a fish model to study the impacts of ciprofloxacin(CIP)overuse on intestinal homeostasis and immune response during subsequent Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection.Based on 16S rRNA gene amplification and Illumina sequencing,we found that CIP pre-exposure caused significant variation in intestinal microbiota,including increased species richness,altered microbiota composition and interaction networks,and increased metabolic dysfunction.Furthermore,immunohistochemical analysis indicated that CIP pre-exposure resulted in severe mucosal layer damage,goblet cell reduction,and epithelial cell necrosis of the intestinal barrier in infected ayu.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)showed that disruption of intestinal homeostasis impaired systemic antiinfection immune responses in the intestine,gill,spleen,and head kidney,while inhibiting IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-10 expression and promoting TGF-βexpression.Our findings indicated that CIP administration can directly affect intestinal microbiota composition and intestinal integrity in ayu fish.This perturbation of intestinal homeostasis is likely responsible for the lower survival rate of hosts following subsequent infection as the capacity to mount an effective immune response is compromised.This study also provides preliminary clues for understanding the effects of antibiotic overuse on higher vertebrates through trophic transfer.展开更多
Flexible strain sensors play an important role in electronic skins,wearable medical devices,and advanced robots.Herein,a highly sensitive and fast response optical strain sensor with two evanescently coupled optical m...Flexible strain sensors play an important role in electronic skins,wearable medical devices,and advanced robots.Herein,a highly sensitive and fast response optical strain sensor with two evanescently coupled optical micro/nanofibers(MNFs)embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)film is proposed.The strain sensor exhibits a gauge factor as high as 64.5 for strain≤0.5%and a strain resolution of 0.0012%which corresponds to elongation of 120 nm on a 1 cm long device.As a proof-of-concept,highly sensitive fingertip pulse measurement is realized.The properties of fast temporal frequency response up to 30 kHz and a pressure sensitivity of 102 kPa^(−1) enable the sensor for sound detection.Such versatile sensor could be of great use in physiological signal monitoring,voice recognition and micro-displacement detection.展开更多
Small-molecule organic semiconductor crystals(SMOSCs) combine broadband light absorption(ultraviolet–visible–near infrared) with long exciton diffusion length and high charge carrier mobility. Therefore, they are pr...Small-molecule organic semiconductor crystals(SMOSCs) combine broadband light absorption(ultraviolet–visible–near infrared) with long exciton diffusion length and high charge carrier mobility. Therefore, they are promising candidates for realizing high-performance photodetectors. Here, after a brief resume of photodetector performance parameters and operation mechanisms, we review the recent advancements in application of SMOSCs as photodetectors, including photoconductors, phototransistors, and photodiodes. More importantly, the SMOSC-based photodetectors are further categorized according to their detection regions that cover a wide range from ultraviolet to near infrared. Finally, challenges and outlooks of SMOSC-based photodetectors are provided.展开更多
Hyperkalemia,usually associated with predisposing chronic diseases as heart failure(HF),severe kidney disease or diabetes mellitus(DM),[1]is defined as an elevation of potassium concentration more than 5.5 mmol/L,[2].
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY23C190002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32173004)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City(202003N4011)。
文摘The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway,comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS),stimulator of interferon genes(STING), and downstream signaling adaptors, plays an essential role in protective immune defense against microbial DNA and internal damaged-associated DNA and is responsible for various immune-related diseases.After binding with DNA, cytosolic cGAS undergoes conformational change and DNA-linked liquid-liquid phase separation to produce 2’3’-c GAMP for the activation of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-localized STING. However, further studies revealed that cGAS is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and strictly tethered to chromatin to prevent binding with nuclear DNA, and functions differently from cytosoliclocalized cGAS. Detailed delineation of this pathway,including its structure, signaling, and regulatory mechanisms, is of great significance to fully understand the diversity of cGAS-STING activation and signaling and will be of benefit for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review recent progress on the above-mentioned perspectives of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and discuss new avenues for further study.
基金grateful for financial supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(61975173)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M722907,2022M722909)+2 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ23F010015)Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province(2021C05003)Major Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Lab(2019MC0AD01).
文摘Friction plays a critical role in dexterous robotic manipulation.However,realizing friction sensing remains a challenge due to the difficulty in designing sensing structures to decouple multi-axial forces.Inspired by the topological mechanics of knots,we construct optical fiber knot(OFN)sensors for slip detection and friction measurement.By introducing localized self-contacts along the fiber,the knot structure enables anisotropic responses to normal and frictional forces.By employing OFNs and a change point detection algorithm,we demonstrate adaptive robotic grasping of slipping cups.We further develop a robotic finger that can measure tri-axial forces via a centrosymmetric architecture composed of five OFNs.Such a tactile finger allows a robotic hand to manipulate human tools dexterously.This work could provide a straightforward and cost-effective strategy for promoting adaptive grasping,dexterous manipulation,and human-robot interaction with tactile sensing.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2021YFB3502802)Major Science and Technology Research and Development Project of Jiangxi Province,China (Grant No.20203ABC28W006)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China (Grant No.2019JZZY010321)Major Project of“Science and Technology Innovation 2025”in Ningbo City (Grant No.2020Z046)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University。
文摘A grain boundary diffusion(GBD)process with Pr_(80-x)Al_(x)Cu_(20)(x=0,10,15,20)low melting point alloys was applied to commercial 42M sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets.The best coercivity enhancement of a diffused magnet was for the Pr_(65)Al_(15)Cu_(20)GBD magnet,from 16.38 kOe to 22.38 kOe.Microstructural investigations indicated that increase in the Al content in the diffusion source can form a continuous grain boundary(GB)phase,optimizing the microstructure to enhance the coercivity.The coercivity enhancement is mainly due to the formation of a continuous GB phase to separate the main phase grains.Exchange decoupling between the adjacent main phase grains is enhanced after the GBD process.Meanwhile,the introduction of Al can effectively promote the infiltration of Pr into the magnet,which increases the diffusion rate of rare-earth elements within a certain range.This work provides a feasible method to enhance coercivity and reduce the use of rare-earth resources by partial replacement of rare-earth elements with non-rare-earth elements in the diffusion source.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21805104, No. 21802048)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2018KFYXKJC044, No. 2018KFYYXJJ121)the National 1000 Young Talents Program of China
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province(2021C02062)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32173004,31972821)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ18C190001)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City(202003N4011)Research Project of State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products(2010DS700124-ZZ2008)。
文摘With the rapid development of intensive farming,the aquaculture industry uses a great many antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases.Despite their therapeutic functions,the overuse and accumulation of antibiotics also pose a threat to aquaculture organisms.In the present study,ayu(Plecoglossus altivelis)was used as a fish model to study the impacts of ciprofloxacin(CIP)overuse on intestinal homeostasis and immune response during subsequent Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection.Based on 16S rRNA gene amplification and Illumina sequencing,we found that CIP pre-exposure caused significant variation in intestinal microbiota,including increased species richness,altered microbiota composition and interaction networks,and increased metabolic dysfunction.Furthermore,immunohistochemical analysis indicated that CIP pre-exposure resulted in severe mucosal layer damage,goblet cell reduction,and epithelial cell necrosis of the intestinal barrier in infected ayu.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)showed that disruption of intestinal homeostasis impaired systemic antiinfection immune responses in the intestine,gill,spleen,and head kidney,while inhibiting IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-10 expression and promoting TGF-βexpression.Our findings indicated that CIP administration can directly affect intestinal microbiota composition and intestinal integrity in ayu fish.This perturbation of intestinal homeostasis is likely responsible for the lower survival rate of hosts following subsequent infection as the capacity to mount an effective immune response is compromised.This study also provides preliminary clues for understanding the effects of antibiotic overuse on higher vertebrates through trophic transfer.
基金We are grateful for financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61975173)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.SQ2019YFC170311)+3 种基金the Major Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Lab(No.2019MC0AD01)the Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province(No.2021C05003)the Quantum Joint Funds of the Natural Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2020LLZ007)the CIE-Tencent Robotics X Rhino-Bird Focused Research Program(No.2020-01-006).
文摘Flexible strain sensors play an important role in electronic skins,wearable medical devices,and advanced robots.Herein,a highly sensitive and fast response optical strain sensor with two evanescently coupled optical micro/nanofibers(MNFs)embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)film is proposed.The strain sensor exhibits a gauge factor as high as 64.5 for strain≤0.5%and a strain resolution of 0.0012%which corresponds to elongation of 120 nm on a 1 cm long device.As a proof-of-concept,highly sensitive fingertip pulse measurement is realized.The properties of fast temporal frequency response up to 30 kHz and a pressure sensitivity of 102 kPa^(−1) enable the sensor for sound detection.Such versatile sensor could be of great use in physiological signal monitoring,voice recognition and micro-displacement detection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51672180,51622306,and 21673151)Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science&Technology+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the 111 Project,Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
文摘Small-molecule organic semiconductor crystals(SMOSCs) combine broadband light absorption(ultraviolet–visible–near infrared) with long exciton diffusion length and high charge carrier mobility. Therefore, they are promising candidates for realizing high-performance photodetectors. Here, after a brief resume of photodetector performance parameters and operation mechanisms, we review the recent advancements in application of SMOSCs as photodetectors, including photoconductors, phototransistors, and photodiodes. More importantly, the SMOSC-based photodetectors are further categorized according to their detection regions that cover a wide range from ultraviolet to near infrared. Finally, challenges and outlooks of SMOSC-based photodetectors are provided.
基金supported by the Gansu Provincial Health Research Project (GSWSKY2020-01)。
文摘Hyperkalemia,usually associated with predisposing chronic diseases as heart failure(HF),severe kidney disease or diabetes mellitus(DM),[1]is defined as an elevation of potassium concentration more than 5.5 mmol/L,[2].
