外泌体在糖尿病视网膜病变的机制研究进展

外泌体是广泛存在于人体,由机体细胞产生并分泌的纳米级细胞外囊泡,能相对稳定地存在于各种生物组织和体液中,并携带特定的miRNA、蛋白质、转录因子等多种信息分子,参与调控体内多种疾病的病理生理过程。近年来随着外泌体在各学科研究的不断深入,其在眼科学领域的研究也迅速开展,目前发现外泌体在糖尿病视网膜病变、年龄相关性黄斑变性、自身免疫性葡萄膜炎、角膜病及青光眼等多种疾病中发挥重要作用。随着生活水平的提高,全世界糖尿病视网膜病变致盲人数逐年增加,而糖尿病视网膜病变机制研究未明,近年许多研究发现外泌体在其中发挥着重要作用,本文对外泌体在糖尿病视网膜病变的发生、发展机制的最新研究进展进行综述。

Review on Chemical Stability of Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Lead halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have become a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their skyrocketed power conversion efficiency. However, the device stability issues may restrict their commercial applications, which are dominated by various chemical reactions of perovskite layers. Hence, a comprehensive illustration on the stability of perovskite films in PSCs is urgently needed. In this review article, chemical reactions of perovskite films under different environmental conditions(e.g., moisture,oxygen, light) and with charge transfer materials and metal electrodes are systematically elucidated. Effective strategies for suppressing the degradation reactions of perovskites, such as buffer layer introduction and additives engineering,are specified. Finally, conclusions and outlooks for this field are proposed. The comprehensive review will provide a guideline on the material engineering and device design for PSCs.

Construction of gene/protein interaction networks and enrichment pathway analysis for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and aplastic anemia

Background:To develop a protein-protein interaction network of Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria(PNH)and Aplastic anemia(AA)based on genetic genes and to predict pathways underlying the molecular complexes in the network.Methods:In this research,the PNH and AA-related genes were screened through Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM).The plugins and Cytoscape were used to search literature and build a protein-protein interaction network.Results:The protein-protein interaction network contains two molecular complexes that are five higher than the correlation integral values.The target genes of this study were obtained:CD59,STAT3,TERC,TNF,AKT1,C5AR1,EPO,IL6,IL10 and so on.We also found that many factors regulate biological behaviors:neutrophils,macrophages,vascular endothelial growth factor,immunoglobulin,interleukin,cytokine receptor,interleukin-6 receptor,tumor necrosis factor,and so on.This research provides a bioinformatics foundation for further explaining the mechanism of common development of both.Conclusion:This indicates that the PNH and AA is a complex process regulated by many cellular pathways and multiple genes.

满铁对清代东北内务府官庄的调查

作为"满洲旧惯调查"的一个组成部分,满铁对清代东北内务府官庄的调查是日本推行移民侵略的产物。该调查重点围绕土地利用状况和土地经济关系展开,包括6项内容:起源调查考证了内务府官庄制度的沿革,意在证实其官有性质,为日后掠夺土地寻求法理依据;类型数量调查以及土地调查全面查清了东北各类官庄的底数和土地资源状况,做到了范围极广的覆盖,暴露出对东北土地的觊觎;户籍调查和管理调查阐述了官庄组织、运行、管理的方式方法,是经济关系调查的重要辅助和不可缺少的基础内容;地租调查全面、系统、细致地梳理了各类官庄地租正征、杂征、本色、折色的租率以及征租数目,是官庄土地经济关系调查中最核心的内容,与日后日本制定土地统制政策关系也最为密切。满铁对内务府官庄等土地的调查,从法理、实践和政策研究上为日本占领东北后迅速进行土地掠夺做出了比较充分的准备。

伪满洲国的劳动统制

伪满期间,日本在东北推行劳动统制。伪满初期,为建立殖民统治秩序,限制关内劳工"入境";伪满中期,为加快经济掠夺,对外大力招募劳工、对内强化劳动统制;伪满后期,为适应战时不断扩大的侵略战争,实行"全民皆劳"的劳务新体制。残酷的劳动统制,使东北农民遭受了沉重奴役、农村经济遭到了严重破坏。

Comparison of anterior section parameters using anterior segment optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopy in myopic patients after ICL implantation

AIM：To compare the agreement of anterior chamber depth（ACD）and central vault measurements obtained by anterior segment optical coherence tomography（AS-OCT）and ultrasound biomicroscopy（UBM）of post surgical high myopic eyes with posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens（Visian ICL;STAAR Surgical）implantation.·METHODS：Fifty-two phakic eyes of 28 high myopic patients who underwent implantable Collamer lens（ICL）surgery for the correction of high myopia were studied.The postoperative ACD,the distance between the corneal endothelium and the anterior surface of ICL（cornea-ICL）and the central vault were measured with the AS-OCT system and the UBM system.Intraclass correlation coefficient（ICC）and the Bland-Altman plot were used to evaluate the repeatability and agreement of two devices.·R ESULTS：The mean ACD,cornea-ICL and central vault in the 52 phakic eyes after ICL surgery was 3.19±0.28 mm,2.47±0.28 mm,0.50±0.19 mm by AS-OCT and3.13±0.25 mm,2.49±0.25 mm,0.44±0.19 mm by UBM,respectively.Pairwise comparison of ACD and central vault measurements showed significant differences between AS-OCT and UBM（〈0.05）.However,no statistically significant difference was found between these imaging techniques in cornea-ICL（〉0.05）.The Pearson correlation coefficient（）between AS-OCT and UBM measurements for ACD,cornea-ICL and vault was0.88,0.80 and 0.89,respectively（〈0.001）.The ICC was0.89-0.94 for the measurements of AS-OCT and UBM.Bland-Altman analysis showed the 95%limits of agreement of ACD,cornea-ICL,central vault measurements between these two devices were-0.20 to 0.32 mm,-0.36to 0.32 mm and-0.12 to 0.24 mm,respectively.58·CONCLUSION：Central ACD and vault measurements using AS-OCT demonstrated a slight significantly higher value than using UBM in phakic eyes after ICL surgery.These two devices should not be used interchangeably for measurements of central ACD and vault in patients after phakic intraocular lens implantation.

Integrative transcriptome,proteome,and microRNA analysis reveals the effects of nitrogen sufficiency and deficiency conditions on theanine metabolism in the tea plant(Camellia sinensis)

Nitrogen(N)is associated with amino acid metabolism in higher plants.Theanine is an important amino acid in tea plants.To explore the relationship between theanine metabolism and N conditions,we examined the differentially expressed genes(DEGs),proteins(DEPs),and microRNAs(DEMs)involved in theanine metabolism in tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions.Transcriptome,proteome,and microRNA analyses were performed on tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions.The contents of theanine,expression levels of genes involved in theanine metabolism,contents of proteinogenic amino acids,and activity of enzymes were analyzed.The DEP–DEG correlation pairs and negative DEM–DEG interactions related to theanine metabolism were identified based on correlation analyses.The expression profiles of DEGs and negative DEM–DEG pairs related to theanine biosynthesis were consistent with the sequencing results.Our results suggest that the molecular and physiological mechanism of theanine accumulation is significantly affected by N sufficiency and deficiency conditions.The DEGs,DEPs,and DEMs and the activity of the enzymes involved in theanine biosynthesis might play vital roles in theanine accumulation under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions in the shoots and roots of tea plants.

Differentially expressed protein and gene analysis revealed the effects of temperature on changes in ascorbic acid metabolism in harvested tea leaves

Tea is an important non-alcoholic beverage worldwide.Tea quality is determined by numerous secondary metabolites in harvested tea leaves,including tea polyphenols,theanine,caffeine,and ascorbic acid(AsA).AsA metabolism in harvested tea leaves is affected by storage and transportation temperature.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying AsA metabolism in harvested tea leaves exposed to different storage and transportation temperature conditions remain unclear.Here we performed RP-HPLC to detect dynamic changes in AsA content in tea leaves subjected to high-(38°C),low-(4°C),or room-temperature(25°C)treatments.The AsA distribution and levels in the treated tea leaves were analyzed using cytological–anatomical characterization methods.The differentially expressed CsAPX1 and CsDHAR2 proteins,which are involved in the AsA recycling pathway,were identified from the corresponding proteomic data using iTRAQ.We also analyzed the expression profiles of 18 genes involved in AsA metabolism,including CsAPX1 and CsDHAR2.AsA was mainly distributed in tea leaf mesophyll cells.High-and low-temperature treatments upregulated the CsAPX1 and CsDHAR2 proteins and induced CsAPX and CsDHAR2 gene expression.These results indicated that the CsAPX1 and CsDHAR2 proteins might have critical roles in AsA recycling in tea leaves.Our results provide a foundation for the in-depth investigation of AsA metabolism in tea leaves during storage and transportation,and they will promote better tea flavor in tea production.

Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for the correction of high myopic anisometropic amblyopia in adults

This study aims to evaluate the clinical results of posterior chamber implantable collamer lens（ICL） implantation in adults with high myopic anisometropic amblyopia. Thirteen patients aged 27.04±7.24 y（range 19.2 to 42.5） were studied. ICL implantation was performed in 13 amblyopic eyes. The mean myopic anisometropia was significantly dropped from-10.70±3.02 D preoperatively to ＋0.09±1.67 D at 1 mo postoperatively. The logMAR CDVA at 3 d, 1, 3 and mean 9 mo postoperatively improved by a mean of 1.69, 2.50, 3.01 and 3.00 lines and gained more than 2 lines accounted for 23.08%（3 eyes）, 41.67%（5 eyes）, 63.63%（7 eyes） and 55.56%（5 eyes）, respectively. The contrast sensitivity of amblyopic eyes was significantly increased after surgery. Four patients partially recovered near stereopsis（400＂ to 100＂）. There was no severe complications were observed. ICL implantation alone can improve vision, contrast sensitivity, and partial restoration of binocular vision in adult patients with high myopic anisometropia.

An Efficient Trap Passivator for Perovskite Solar Cells:Poly(propylene glycol)bis(2‑aminopropyl ether)

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are regarded as promising candidates for future renewable energy production.High-density defects in the perovskite films,however,lead to unsatisfactory device performances.Here,poly(propylene glycol)bis(2-aminopropyl ether)(PEA)additive is utilized to passivate the trap states in perovskite.The PEA molecules chemically interact with lead ions in perovskite,considerably passivate surface and bulk defects,which is in favor of charge transfer and extraction.Furthermore,the PEA additive can efficiently block moisture and oxygen to prolong the device lifetime.As a result,PEA-treated MAPbI3(MA:CH3NH3)solar cells show increased power conversion efficiency(PCE)(from 17.18 to 18.87%)and good longterm stability.When PEA is introduced to(FAPbI3)1-x(MAPbBr3)x(FA:HC(NH2)2)solar cells,the PCE is enhanced from 19.66 to 21.60%.For both perovskites,their severe device hysteresis is efficiently relieved by PEA.

Investigation of children’s habits of smartphone usage and parental awareness of myopia control in underdeveloped areas of China

AIM: To investigate the behaviors of smartphone usage and parental knowledge of vision health among primary students in the rural areas of China. METHODS: In this school-based, cross-sectional study, a total of 52 606 parents of students from 30 primary schools in the Xingguo County were investigated through an online questionnaire from July 2020 to August 2020. The self-designed questionnaire contained three parts: the demographic factors of both children and parents, parental knowledge and attitude toward myopia, and the preventive treatment of myopia.RESULTS: A total of 52 485 appropriately answered questionnaires were received, showing an effective response rate of 95.1%. The average age of the primary students was 10.1±0.98 y and the prevalence of myopia among the primary students was 40.3%. The age of myopia occurrence in elementary students was significantly correlated with the parents’ educational level(95%CI: 0.82-0.98, P=0.013), children’s gender(95%CI: 1.08-1.20, P<0.001), school location(county or countryside)(95%CI: 0.59-0.66, P<0.001), children’s smartphone ownership(95%CI: 1.09-1.26, P<0.001), and the average time spent on smartphone per day(95%CI: 0.78-0.88, P<0.001). School location in the county town, high family income, and high parents’educational level significantly affected both parents’ myopia awareness and children’s vision-threatening behaviors(P<0.01). Left-behind children showed a higher incidence of vision-threatening habits than those who lived with their parents(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The results reveal the current situation of myopia development among rural primary school students and their parents. This survey will serve as a guidance for designing myopic prevention policies in the rural areas of China.

CsWRKY13,a novel WRKY transcription factor of Camellia sinensis,involved in lignin biosynthesis and accumulation

Lignin is an aromatic polymer that provides the necessary mechanical strength for the transport of water and nutrients in higher plants.Lignin biosynthesis and accumulation affect growth and development of tea plants.The degree of lignification related to the tenderness of fresh tea leaves determines the quality of tea.WRKY transcription factors play central roles in plant development and physiological processes.However,the roles of WRKY transcription factors in lignin biosynthesis of tea plants remain unclear.In this study,a WRKY gene,CsWRKY13,was cloned from tea plant'Longjing 43'.The open reading frame(ORF)of CsWRKY13 gene was 708 bp,encoding 235 amino acids.Sequence analysis showed that CsWRKY13 contained a conserved WRKYGQK amino acid sequence and a zinc-finger-like motif CX4CX23HXH.Subcellular localization showed that CsWRKY13 was localized in the nucleus.The yeast trans-activation assay showed that CsWRKY13 had no transcriptional activity.Expression analysis showed that the CsWRKY13 gene was highly expressed in the stem.Overexpression of CsWRKY13 in Arabidopsis thaliana reduced lignin content and the expression levels of genes related to lignin biosynthesis in transgenic plants.Most flavonoids pathway related genes were significantly up-regulated.This study shows that CsWRKY13 might function as a negative regulator in regulation of lignin synthesis.

Growth Characteristic of the Oleaginous Mi-croalga <i>Chlorella ellipsoidea</i>SD-0701 with Lipid Accumulation

Microalgae have great advantages as a new biomass source for fuel production. But microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms, which normally grow in the light. Because of this growth condition, the commercial viability of microalgal biofuel is limited by current production systems. To obtain microalgal biofuel, fermentation is a more convenient, more economical and practical industry model. In this study, we asked whether and why the dark fermentation of C. ellipsoidea SD-0701 could be achieved by changing the culture medium formula. We focused the research on carbon-containing compounds and the initial pH of media. The results indicated that glucose was the optimum carbon-containing compound, which provided C. ellipsoidea SD-0701 with energy and carbon skeleton for accumulating organic compounds including lipids. When C. ellipsoidea SD-0701 was cultivated in the add-nutrition medium containing glucose, the optimum initial pH for the growth of C. ellipsoidea SD-0701 was pH 7.71. Therefore, if the suitable medium is used, C. ellipsoidea SD-0701 can grow normally in the dark, which is the same condition as the fermenter, and high microalgal biomass (0.50 g&middotL-1) and lipid yield (232.90 mg&middotL-1) can be achieved.

Analysis of mechanism on Indigo Naturalis in treating chronic myelocytic leukemia based on two-dimentional model of protein-protein interaction network-moleculardocking technique

运用分子对接技术探讨青黛干预CMLK562细胞的有效分子学机制.使用在线人类孟德尔遗传数据库（OMIM）筛选CML相关基因,使用String10.0用于进一步文本挖掘并构建CML可视化蛋白质相互作用网络,将数据读入Cytoscape3.4.0,通过插件CentiScaPe2.1实现网络拓扑分析.青黛活性小分子物质从第三方数据库获取,运用Chemoffice8.0与Sybyl8.1对其再构建和优化,得到青黛小分子配体结构库,通过SurflexDock模块与受体革巴点进行分子对接,打分后得到关键靶标.构建了由425个节点（蛋白质）和2799条边（相互作用）组成的蛋白质相互作用网络,分析得出关键靶标JAK2.CML是一个受多基因调控的复杂疾病,JAK2很可能是其关键节点.

Explore the value and potential of traditional Chinese medicine against cancer with the methodology and practice spirit of natural science

中医是我们民族具有原创性特征的生命科学,直面现代医学而具有自身的诸多优势.作为具有鲜明生命医学科学特征的临床学科,肿瘤学是发挥中西医结合优势的典范学科.中医兼具人文科学和自然科学两种不同的文化属性,而面对癌症这样重大的疾病时,应强强调以自然科学的方法参与中医药抗癌的实践和革新.“自主创新、方法先行”.

Thoughts on the treatment of cancer pain under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine

中医诊治肿瘤是当今中医防治重大疾病的一个特色。癌性疼痛是癌症患者尤其是中晚期癌症患者的主要临床症状之一,严重影响患者生存质量。目前对于癌痛的药物治疗主要采用三阶梯止痛原则,但长期使用止痛药物容易引起的便秘、恶心呕吐等副作用,故受患者耐受性的限制,而使疼痛没有得到有效的控制。癌痛发生的机制极其复杂,全面了解癌痛中医的发病和证型,是进行有效缓解癌痛症状的重要基础。中药治疗癌痛具有不成瘾性、耐药性及毒副作用小等独特优势。文章从癌痛病因病机特点出发,探讨不同分类中药治疗使用规律,对恶性肿瘤引起癌痛的基本病机的再认识和治疗具有重要指导作用。

Expanded Forehead Stepped Flaps for Delayed Three-Stage Repair of Midface Skin Lesions

Background The forehead flap is the best flap for nasal defect repair and nasal reconstruction.It is also an ideal option for repairing skin lesions in the midface(including the nasal area,inner area of the cheek,and upper lip of the perioral area).However,the traditional frontal myocutaneous flap is relatively bulky for repairing pure skin lesions.In addition,the original forehead flap is generally not sufficient to cover a large wound area.If a large forehead flap is removed,the donor site cannot be sutured in one stage.In this study,an expanded forehead stepped flap was used to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional frontal myocutaneous flap.Methods In stage one surgery,a rectangular expander(80–100 mL)was implanted on the side of the forehead.The expansion pot was built-in,and the excess expansion amount was 160–200 mL.After 4 weeks of rest,stage two operation was performed to remove the skin lesions in the midface.The pulsation point of the supratrochlear artery on one side was used as the pedicle,and the flap was designed diagonally to the upper region of the opposite side.The flap was designed according to the size and shape of the wound.The distal portion of the flap was separated in the superficial layer of the frontalis muscle,approximately 1.7 cm above the superior orbital edge,and cut into the submuscle.The flap pedicle was cut from the superficial layer of the periosteum to form a stepped flap.Then,the flap was rotated downward to repair the wound in the midface.Five weeks later,stage three of the operation which involved flap pedicle division,was performed.Results Expanded forehead stepped flaps were used in 12 cases with 6–36 months of follow-up.In all cases,the blood supply to the flaps was good,and their color,texture,and thickness matched well with those of the surrounding skin.All patients were satisfied with the outcome of the repair.Conclusion Expanded forehead stepped flaps present an ideal option for repairing wounds after large skin lesion resections in the midface since they have multiple edges from a reliable blood supply,easiness to transfer,and well-matched color,texture,and thickness to those of the surrounding skin of the face to no need for many auxiliary incisions.

Advances in single-cell sequencing technology in microbiome research

With the rapid development of histological techniques and the widespread applica-tion of single-cell sequencing in eukaryotes,researchers desire to explore individual microbial.genotypes and functional expression,which deepens our understanding of microorganisms.In this review,the history of the development of microbial detection technologies was revealed and the difficulties in the application of single-cell sequencing in microorganisms were dissected as well.Moreover,the characteristics of the currently emerging microbial single-cell sequencing(Microbe-seq)technology were summarized,and the prospects of the application of Microbe-seq in microorganisms were distilled based on the current development status.Despite its mature development,the Microbe-seq technology was still in the optimization stage.A retrospective study was conducted,aiming to promote the widespread application of single-cell sequencing in microorganisms and facilitate further improvement in the technol-ogy.

杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池中缺陷与界面钝化层的研究进展

近年来,有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池因其优异的光电转换效率和低廉的制备成本引起了科研工作者的广泛关注,但钙钛矿薄膜中出现的大量缺陷严重制约了电池性能与工作稳定性的进一步提升.本文一方面总结了钙钛矿晶体中各类缺陷的形成过程与物理性质,并分析了各类缺陷对太阳能电池工作的影响;另一方面从界面钝化层出发,综述了以Lewis酸、Lewis碱、有机胺与铵盐、聚合物、金属氧化物、三维钙钛矿、石墨烯和无机盐等材料作为界面钝化层的钝化机制与钝化效果.通过对现有研究成果的分析,总结出有效的界面钝化思路与策略,为钙钛矿太阳能电池界面钝化领域的工作提供一定的参考.

The Synthesis of Sub-Nano-Thick Pd Nanobelt-Based Materials for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Activity

Tailoring atomic structures of noblemetal nanomaterials with size close to single-unit cell range is essential in both fundamental researchand applications,including their development into high catalytic performance materials in renewable,green energy conversions,devices for energy storage,and as biosensors for environmental pollutants.However,several strategies used in fabricating these materials still impose enormous challenges,arising from lack of even size distribution,shape uniformity,and controlled composition,which are critical in determining their specific activities and efficiencies.Herein,we report a facile approach for preparing sub-nano-thick palladium nanobelt-based(PdNB)materials.Then we rationalized the formation mechanism of such highly anisotropic structures by morphology-related thermodynamic and kinetic analysis.Moreover,we investigated if electrocatalysis performance of these NB-basedmaterialswere enhanced.Thepalladium(Pd)NBs featured a thickness of∼0.9-1.2 nm and width of 5-18nmwith length extending to severalmicrometers[denoted as Pd(0.9)],or a thickness of∼0.7-0.9 nm and width of 2.5-6 nmwith length of several hundreds of nanometers[denoted as Pd(0.7)].According to our theoretical analysis,one-dimensional(1D)growth encountered almost no energy barrier at optimal reaction conditions,whereas the growth of Pd nanostructures with other dimensions confronted high barriers,indicating that it was plausible to prepare 1D structures with sizes close to single-unit cells.Also,platinum(Pt)could be successfully doped into the Pd(0.9)NBs through a galvanic epitaxial growth,forming edge-Pt-enriched Pd NBs(eePtPd NBs).Further,electron transfer from Pd to Pt imparted the eePtPd NBs with high hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity.The eePtPd NBs showed a 3.5 and 1.8 times higher in exchange current density and mass activity(at−0.1 V),respectively,compared to those of Pt catalysts in perchloric acid(HClO_(4))solutions.Finally,the NBs all showed high activity toward ethanol and formic acid oxidation reactions.Our current work aids in gaining insights into tailoring Pd nanostructures at an atomic level and provides Pd sub-nanometric 1D structures for further research.Moreover,our morphology-related thermodynamic and kinetic analysis extend our understanding of the control of nanostructure morphology and might shed light on the precision of designing specific morphologies of noble metal nanocrystal structures.