The effect of adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection based on risk stratification

Background:There is currently no standard adjuvant treatment proven to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)recurrence.Recent studies suggest that postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization(PA-TACE)is beneficial for patients at high risk of tumor recurrence.However,it is difficult to select the patients.The present study aimed to develop an easy-to-use score to identify these patients.Methods:A total of 4530 patients undergoing liver resection were recruited.Independent risk factors were identified by Cox regression model in the training cohort and the Primary liver cancer big data transarterial chemoembolization(PDTE)scoring system was established.Results:The scoring system was composed of ten risk factors including alpha-fetoprotein(AFP),albuminbilirubin(ALBI)grade,operative bleeding loss,resection margin,tumor capsular,satellite nodules,tumor size and number,and microvascular and macrovascular invasion.Using 5 points as risk stratification,the patients with PA-TACE had higher recurrence-free survival(RFS)compared with non-TACE in>5 points group(P<0.001),whereas PA-TACE patients had lower RFS compared with non-TACE in≤5 points group(P=0.013).In the training and validation cohorts,the C-indexes of PDTE scoring system were 0.714[standard errors(SE)=0.010]and 0.716(SE=0.018),respectively.Conclusions:The model is a simple tool to identify PA-TACE for HCC patients after liver resection with a favorable performance.Patients with>5 points may benefit from PA-TACE.

Organic white-light sources:Multiscale construction of organic luminescent materials from molecular to macroscopic level

Organic luminescent materials play an integral role in the optoelectronic applications of displays and solid-state lighting.Nevertheless, high-performance organic luminescent materials require the efficient combination of two or more kinds of materials, which is extremely difficult owing to the completely different self-assembly behaviors of multicomponent molecules.Herein, based on a broad scale from the molecular, micro-/nano-scale, and macroscopic levels, we successfully demonstrate the multiscale construction of organic luminescent microwires of cocrystals, solid solutions, and core-shell microstructures. Through the wide selection of electron donor/acceptor pairs, a series of color-tunable charge-transfer(CT) cocrystals are formed via the intermolecular cooperative self-assembly process. On this basis, the high structural compatibility and perfect lattice mismatching(~1.1%) of cocrystals are critical factors that facilitate the combination of dissimilar materials to form solid solutions and core/shell microwires. Significantly, because of the full-spectrum light transport from 400 to 800 nm, the nano-micro-scaled solid solution microwires act as microscale white-light sources [CIE(0.32, 0.36)]. Meanwhile, the macroscopic-scale core/shell organic-microwires demonstrate tunable white-light emission with a high color-rendering index(CRI) of 83, whose CIE coordinates span from(0.37, 0.39) to(0.40, 0.31). Therefore, our work provides a feasible approach to the multiscale synthesis of novel luminescent organic semiconductor materials, which could lay a solid foundation for organic optoelectronics.

Dual effects of disorder on the strongly-coupled system composed of a single quantum dot and a photonic crystal L3 cavity

Light-matter interaction in the strong coupling regime enables light control at the single-photon level. We develop numerical method and analytical expressions to calculate the decay kinetics of an initially excited two-level quantum emitter in dielectric nanostructure and single-mode cavity, respectively. We use these methods to discover the dual effects of disorder on the stronglycoupled system composed of a single quantum dot and a photonic crystal L3 cavity. The quality factor is sensitive to disorder,while the g factor and vacuum Rabi splitting are robust against disorder. A small amount of disorder may either decrease or increase the light localization and the light-matter interaction. Our methods offer flexible and efficient theoretical tools for the investigation of light-matter interaction, especially cavity quantum electrodynamics. Our findings significantly lower the requirements for optimization effort and fabrication precision and open up many promising practical possibilities.

Plasmonic-photonic cavity for high-efficiency single-photon blockade

The generation and manipulation of single photons are crucial in advanced quantum technologies, such as quantum communication and quantum computation devices. High-purity single photons can be generated from classical light using the single-photon blockade(1 PB). However, the efficiency and purity are exclusive in 1 PB, which hinders its practical applications. Here, we show that the resonantly coupled plasmonic-photonic cavity can boost the efficiency of single-photon generation by more than three orders of magnitude compared with that of all-dielectric microcavity. This significant improvement is attributed to two new mechanisms of atom-microcavity coupling after introducing the plasmonic cavity: the formation of a quasi-bound state and the transition to the nonreciprocal regime, due to the destructive interference between the coupling pathways and the nonzero relative phase of the closed-loop coupling, respectively. The quasi-bound state has a relatively small decaying, while its effective coupling strength is significantly enhanced. Suppressing the dissipative component of the effective atom-microcavity coupling in the nonreciprocal regime can further improve single-photon performance, particularly without temporal oscillations. Our study demonstrates the possibility of enhancing the intrinsically low efficiency of 1 PB in low excitation regime, and unveils the novel light-matter interaction in hybrid cavities.

In-situ measurement on air-water flux of CH_(4),CO_(2) and their carbon stable isotope in lakes of northeast Tibetan Plateau

Inland waters are important sources of greenhouse gases(GHGs)to the atmosphere that may partially offset the terrestrial carbon sink.However,GHG emissions from high altitude saline lakes on the Tibetan Plateau are currently poorly constrained.In this study,we measured methane(CH_(4))and carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentrations and their carbon stable isotope(δ13C),and calculated diffusive water-to-air fluxes from two saline high-altitude lakes,Qinghai Lake and Hala Lake,located in northeast Tibetan Plateau in October 2020.The two lakes were mostly supersaturated in CH_(4)(89.8%-4623.9%sat)and acted as sources of CH_(4) to the atmosphere.Conversely,more than 96%investigated area of Qinghai Lake and all investigated area of Hala Lake was a sink of CO_(2).The average diffusive fluxes of CH_(4) and CO_(2) in the surface waters of Qinghai Lake were 34.51μmol m−2 d−1 and−1.29 mmol m−2 d−1,while diffusive fluxes of CH_(4) and CO_(2) in Hala Lake averaged 5.48μmol m−2 d−1 and−5.24 mmol m−2 d−1,respectively.Salinity(Sal),fluorescent dissolved organic matter(fDOM),temperature(Temp)and dissolved oxygen(DO)are key factors for diffusive CH_(4) and CO_(2) flux in Qinghai Lake and Hala Lake.CH_(4) diffusive fluxes across water-air interface from Qinghai Lake and Hala Lake were found to be significantly lower than other freshwater lakes,likely due to their saline nature.A simple isotope mixing model(Miller-Tans plots)revealed a distinctly different isotopic source values of CO_(2) and CH_(4) in Qinghai Lake and Hala Lake.The CH_(4) production pathway of Qinghai Lake was mainly by the acetate fermentation,while that of Hala Lake was mainly by the CO_(2) reduction.The results show that the continuous measurement can help capture the spatial variability of GHGs fluxes in saline lakes.

CH_(4) and C0_(2) observations from a melting high mountain glacier,Laohugou Glacier No.12

With global warming,glaciers in the high mountains of China are retreating rapidly.However,few data have been reported on whether greenhouse gases from these glaciers are released into the atmosphere or absorbed by glacial meltwater.In this study,we collected meltwater and ice samples from Laohugou Glacier No.12 in western China and measured CH_(4)and CO_(2)concentrations.Meltwater from the glacier terminus was continually sampled between 3 and 5 August 2020 to measure CH_(4)and CO_(2)concentrations.The results demonstrated that meltwater is a source of CH_(4)because the average saturations are over 100%.It could be con eluded that CH_(4)in the atmosphere can be released by glacial meltwater.However,the CO_(2)saturations are various,and CO_(2)fluxes exhibit positive(released CO_(2))or negative(absorbed CO_(2))values because the water and atmospheric conditions are variable.More importantly,the CH_(4)and CO_(2)concentrations were higher in meltwater samples from the glacier terminus than in samples from the surface ice(including an ice core)and a surface stream.Although the meltwater effect from the upper part of the glacier cannot be excluded,we speculated that subglacial drainage systems with an anaerobic environment may represent the CH_(4)source,but it needs to be further investigated in the future.However,high mountain glaciers are currently ignored in global carbon budgets,and the increased melting of glaciers with global warming may accelerate the absorption of much more CO_(2)and lead to the release of CH_(4).