Ectopic mineralization refers to the deposition of mineralized complexes in the extracellular matrix of soft tissues.Calcific aortic valve disease,vascular calcification,gallstones,kidney stones,and abnormal mineraliz...Ectopic mineralization refers to the deposition of mineralized complexes in the extracellular matrix of soft tissues.Calcific aortic valve disease,vascular calcification,gallstones,kidney stones,and abnormal mineralization in arthritis are common examples of ectopic mineralization.They are debilitating diseases and exhibit excess mortality,disability,and morbidity,which impose on patients with limited social or financial resources.Recent recognition that inflammation plays an important role in ectopic mineralization has attracted the attention of scientists from different research fields.In the present review,we summarize the origin of inflammation in ectopic mineralization and different channels whereby inflammation drives the initiation and progression of ectopic mineralization.The current knowledge of inflammatory milieu in pathological mineralization is reviewed,including how immune cells,pro-inflammatory mediators,and osteogenic signaling pathways induce the osteogenic transition of connective tissue cells,providing nucleating sites and assembly of aberrant minerals.Advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in inflammatory-mediated ectopic mineralization enable novel strategies to be developed that may lead to the resolution of these enervating conditions.展开更多
Osteoimmunology has gained momentum in recent years,focusing on the crosstalk between the skeleton and the immune system.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nanoscale vesicles that are potential candidates for cell-free ti...Osteoimmunology has gained momentum in recent years,focusing on the crosstalk between the skeleton and the immune system.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nanoscale vesicles that are potential candidates for cell-free tissue regeneration strategies.They may be used for repairing damaged tissues and regulating the body’s immune system and bone-related metabolic activities.Because of the ability of EVs to deliver bioactive signals and mediate intercellular communication,they can decipher the complex mechanisms of interaction within the“osteoimmune system”at the molecular level.To address the lack of targeting ability caused by vesicle heterogeneity in the clinical applications of EVs,these nanoscopical entities may be modified by bioengineering techniques to optimize the interaction between bone repair and immunomodulation for improving treatment efficacy,specificity and safety.In the present review,the endogenous properties that make EVs natural delivery agents are outlined.Properties that may be improved by bioengineering are highlighted.The therapeutic applications of EVs in the rehabilitation of bone defects are discussed.The opportunities and challenges that need to be addressed for translating this field of research into clinical practice are brought into perspectives.展开更多
基金grants 81870805 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant 2020TD-033 from the Shaanxi Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Team and by the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities.
文摘Ectopic mineralization refers to the deposition of mineralized complexes in the extracellular matrix of soft tissues.Calcific aortic valve disease,vascular calcification,gallstones,kidney stones,and abnormal mineralization in arthritis are common examples of ectopic mineralization.They are debilitating diseases and exhibit excess mortality,disability,and morbidity,which impose on patients with limited social or financial resources.Recent recognition that inflammation plays an important role in ectopic mineralization has attracted the attention of scientists from different research fields.In the present review,we summarize the origin of inflammation in ectopic mineralization and different channels whereby inflammation drives the initiation and progression of ectopic mineralization.The current knowledge of inflammatory milieu in pathological mineralization is reviewed,including how immune cells,pro-inflammatory mediators,and osteogenic signaling pathways induce the osteogenic transition of connective tissue cells,providing nucleating sites and assembly of aberrant minerals.Advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in inflammatory-mediated ectopic mineralization enable novel strategies to be developed that may lead to the resolution of these enervating conditions.
基金supported by grant 2019KB01 from the State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology,China,grant 81870805 from the National Nature Science Foundation of China,grant 2020TD-033 from the Shaanxi Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Team and by Innovative research team of high-level local universities in shanghai,Oral and maxillofacial regeneration and functional restoration.
文摘Osteoimmunology has gained momentum in recent years,focusing on the crosstalk between the skeleton and the immune system.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nanoscale vesicles that are potential candidates for cell-free tissue regeneration strategies.They may be used for repairing damaged tissues and regulating the body’s immune system and bone-related metabolic activities.Because of the ability of EVs to deliver bioactive signals and mediate intercellular communication,they can decipher the complex mechanisms of interaction within the“osteoimmune system”at the molecular level.To address the lack of targeting ability caused by vesicle heterogeneity in the clinical applications of EVs,these nanoscopical entities may be modified by bioengineering techniques to optimize the interaction between bone repair and immunomodulation for improving treatment efficacy,specificity and safety.In the present review,the endogenous properties that make EVs natural delivery agents are outlined.Properties that may be improved by bioengineering are highlighted.The therapeutic applications of EVs in the rehabilitation of bone defects are discussed.The opportunities and challenges that need to be addressed for translating this field of research into clinical practice are brought into perspectives.
