The emission angle distribution of projectile fragments(PFs)and the temperature of PF emission sources for fragmentation of 56Fe on polyethylene,carbon,and aluminum targets at the highest energy of 497 A MeV are inves...The emission angle distribution of projectile fragments(PFs)and the temperature of PF emission sources for fragmentation of 56Fe on polyethylene,carbon,and aluminum targets at the highest energy of 497 A MeV are investigated on the basis of corrected data,using a CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector.It is found that the average emission angle of PFs increases with the decrease in PF charge for the same target,and no obvious dependence of angular distribution on the mass of the target nucleus is found for the same PF.The cumulative squared transverse momentum distribution of PFs can be well represented by a single Rayleigh distribution.The temperature of PF emission sources is extracted from the distribution,and it is about 1.0-8.0 MeV and does not depend on the mass of the target for PFs with charges of 9≤Z≤25.展开更多
Background: The self-consciousness and practicality of preferentially prescribed essential medicines (EMs) are not high enough in county hospitals. The purposes of this study were to use the information-motivation-...Background: The self-consciousness and practicality of preferentially prescribed essential medicines (EMs) are not high enough in county hospitals. The purposes of this study were to use the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IM B) model to identify the predictors of essential medicines prescribing behavior (EMPB) among doctors and to examine the association between demographic variables, IMB, and EMPB. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess predictive relationships among demographic variables and IM B model variables using an anonymous questionnaire administered in nine county hospitals of Anhui province. A structural equation model was constructed for the I MB model to test the instruments using analysis of moment structures 17.0. Results: A total of 732 participants completed the survey. The average age of the participants was 37.7 ± 8.9 years old (range: 22-67 years old). The correct rate of information was 90.64%. The average scores of the motivation and behavioral skills were 45.46 a: 7.34 (hundred mark system: 75.77) and 19.92 ± 3.44 (hundred mark system: 79.68), respectively. Approximately half(50.8%) of respondents reported that the proportion of EM prescription was below 60%. The final revised model indicated a good fit to the data (x^2/df= 4.146, goodness of fit index = 0.948, comparative fit index = 0.938, root mean square error of approximation = 0.066). More work experience (β = 0.153, P 〈 0.001 ) and behavioral skills (β = 0.449, P 〈 0.001 ) predicted more EMPB. Higher income predicted less information (β = -0.197, P 〈 0.001) and motivation (β =0.204, P 〈 0.001 ). Behavioral skills were positively predicted by information (β = 0.135, P 〈 0.001 ) and motivation (β = 0.742, P 〈 0.001 ). Conclusion: The present study predicted some factors of EMPB, and specified the relationships among the model variables. The utilization rate of EM was not high enough. Motivation and behavior skills were crucial factors affecting EMPB. The influence of demographic variables, such as income and work experience, on EMPB should be fully appreciated. Comprehensive intervention measures should be implemented from multiple perspectives.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11075100 and 11565001)the Natural Foundation of Shanxi Province(No.2011011001-2)the Shanxi Provincial Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,China(No.2011-058)
文摘The emission angle distribution of projectile fragments(PFs)and the temperature of PF emission sources for fragmentation of 56Fe on polyethylene,carbon,and aluminum targets at the highest energy of 497 A MeV are investigated on the basis of corrected data,using a CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector.It is found that the average emission angle of PFs increases with the decrease in PF charge for the same target,and no obvious dependence of angular distribution on the mass of the target nucleus is found for the same PF.The cumulative squared transverse momentum distribution of PFs can be well represented by a single Rayleigh distribution.The temperature of PF emission sources is extracted from the distribution,and it is about 1.0-8.0 MeV and does not depend on the mass of the target for PFs with charges of 9≤Z≤25.
基金This research was supported by grants from Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 1408085MG143), Anhui Provincial Natural Science Research Project in Universities, Anhui Education Department (No. K J2013A162), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71473003).Acknowledgment We would like to acknowledge the sampled hospitals, participants, team members, and undergraduates of the School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University for their support of and contributions to this research.
文摘Background: The self-consciousness and practicality of preferentially prescribed essential medicines (EMs) are not high enough in county hospitals. The purposes of this study were to use the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IM B) model to identify the predictors of essential medicines prescribing behavior (EMPB) among doctors and to examine the association between demographic variables, IMB, and EMPB. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess predictive relationships among demographic variables and IM B model variables using an anonymous questionnaire administered in nine county hospitals of Anhui province. A structural equation model was constructed for the I MB model to test the instruments using analysis of moment structures 17.0. Results: A total of 732 participants completed the survey. The average age of the participants was 37.7 ± 8.9 years old (range: 22-67 years old). The correct rate of information was 90.64%. The average scores of the motivation and behavioral skills were 45.46 a: 7.34 (hundred mark system: 75.77) and 19.92 ± 3.44 (hundred mark system: 79.68), respectively. Approximately half(50.8%) of respondents reported that the proportion of EM prescription was below 60%. The final revised model indicated a good fit to the data (x^2/df= 4.146, goodness of fit index = 0.948, comparative fit index = 0.938, root mean square error of approximation = 0.066). More work experience (β = 0.153, P 〈 0.001 ) and behavioral skills (β = 0.449, P 〈 0.001 ) predicted more EMPB. Higher income predicted less information (β = -0.197, P 〈 0.001) and motivation (β =0.204, P 〈 0.001 ). Behavioral skills were positively predicted by information (β = 0.135, P 〈 0.001 ) and motivation (β = 0.742, P 〈 0.001 ). Conclusion: The present study predicted some factors of EMPB, and specified the relationships among the model variables. The utilization rate of EM was not high enough. Motivation and behavior skills were crucial factors affecting EMPB. The influence of demographic variables, such as income and work experience, on EMPB should be fully appreciated. Comprehensive intervention measures should be implemented from multiple perspectives.