Immune Potential of a Novel Multiple-epitope Vaccine to FMDV Type Asia 1 in Guinea Pigs and Sheep

To develop a safe and efficient recombinant subunit vaccine to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type Asia 1 in sheep, a tandem repeated multiple-epitope gene consisting of residues 137-160 and 197-211 of the VP1 gene of FMDV was designed and artificially synthesized. The biologically functional molecule, the ovine IgG heavy constant region (oIgG) as a protein carrier was introduced for design of the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine and recombinant expression plasmids pET-30a-RE and pET-30a-RE-oIgG were successfully constructed. The recombinant proteins, RE and RE-oIgG, were expressed as a formation of inclusion bodies in E. coli. The immune potential of this vaccine regime in guinea pigs and sheep was evaluated. The results showed that IgG could significantly enhance the immune potential of antigenic epitopes. The recombinant protein RE-oIgG could not only elicit the high levels of neutralizing antibodies and lymphocytes proliferation responses in the vaccinated guinea pigs, but confer complete protection in guinea pigs against virus challenge. Although the recombinant protein RE could not confer protection in the vaccinated animals, it could delay the appearance of the clinical signs and reduce the severity of disease. Inspiringly, the titers of anti-FMDV neutralizing antibodies elicited in sheep vaccinated with RE-oIgG was significantly higher than that for the RE vaccination. Therefore, we speculated that this vaccine formulation may be a promising strategy for designing a novel vaccine against FMDV in the future.

The gender difference of utilization of cardiac implantable electronic device in China： data from Arrhythmia Interventional Therapy Data Registry

BackgroundCardiac 可植入的电子设备(CIED ) 极大地改进病人的幸存和生活质量。然而，关于这些设备的利用和利益有性差别。在这张未来的 CIED 注册表，我们试图在中国从 14 个省在 China.MethodsTwenty 中心在 CIED 利用估价性差别在我们的登记学习被包括。在在 2015 年 1 月和 2016 年 12 月之间的这二十个中心经历了 CIED 培植的所有病人是 8570 个病人全部的 included.ResultsA 在基线队被注册，包括 7203 心律调整器， 664 个可植入的心脏的使用高压脉冲来消减心脏(ICD ) 植入并且 703 心脏的再同步治疗设备(CRT/D ) 。完全， 4117 (48.0%) CIED 病人是女性的，并且超过 59% 心律调整器病人是女性的，但是女人们仅仅说明在这张注册表的三分之一 ICD 或 CRT/D 培植。在心律调整器和 ICD 指示的性之间有重要差别。女性是更可能的由于病了的湾穴症候群(SSS ) 收到了一个心律调整器(63.9% 对 51.0% ， P < 0.001 ) 。收到 ICD 的女病人由于心脏的离子隧道疾病是更可能的(29.2% 对 4.2% ， P < 0.001 ) 。在女病人的双房间的心律调整器的利用的百分比比男性显著地高(85.3% 对 81.1% ， P < 0.001 ) 。但是男病人更多半被接待心脏的再同步治疗有使用高压脉冲来消减心脏的设备比女性(56.5% 对 41.9% ， P = 0.001 ) 。在心律调整器病人，男性是更可能的有结构心疾病(31.3% 对 28.0% ， P = 0.002 ) 。在 ICD 病人，男病人是更可能的有 ischemic 心疾病(48.2% 对 29.2% ， P < 0.001 ) 。女人的吝啬的年龄在 CRT/D 培植的时候比男人旧(P = 0.014 ) 。 Nonischemic 心肌症(70.9%)是在经历了 CRT/D 的治疗的病人的最普通的病原学，不管男性或 female.ConclusionsIn 真实世界的背景，女性确实有不同传染病学， pathophysiology 和许多心脏的节奏混乱的临床的表示什么时候与相比男性，并且所有这些因素可以影响 CIED 培植的利用。但是它另外文化、社会经济的特征可以在这明显的辨别起一个作用的可能性。

Evaluating performance dependency of a geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph-based hydrological model on DEM resolution

The digital elevation model(DEM)is a type of model that has been widely used in terrain analysis and hydrological modeling.DEM resolution influences the hydrological and geomorphologic features of delineated catchments and consequently affects hydrological simulations.This study investigated the impacts of DEM resolution on the performance of the XAJ-GIUH hydrological model,a model coupling the widely used Xinanjiang(XAJ)hydrological model with the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph(GIUH),in flood simulations in small and medium-sized catchments.To test the model performance,the model parameters were calibrated at a fine DEM resolution(30 m)and then directly transferred to the simulation runs using coarser DEMs.Afterwards,model recalibration was conducted at coarser DEM resolutions.In the simulation runs with the model parameters calibrated at the 30-m resolution,the DEM resolution slightly affected the overall shape of the simulated flood hydrographs but presented a greater impact on the simulated peak discharges in the two study catchments.The XAJ-GIUH model consistently underestimated the peak discharges when the DEM resolution became coarser.The qualified ratio of peak simulations decreased by 35%when the DEM resolution changed from 30 m to 600 m.However,model recalibration produced comparable model per-formances when DEMs with different resolutions were used.This study showed that the impact of DEM resolution on model performance can be mitigated by model recalibration to some extent,if the DEM resolution is not too coarse.

Primary Meningeal Melanocytoma Located in Foramen Magnum:a Case Report and Review of the Literatures

LIMAS and Tio1 proposed the term meningeal melanocytoma first time in 1972 to describe a primary melanotic tumor of the leptomeninges with prolonged clinical course and benign histology.Meningeal melanocytoma of the central nervous system is rare and benign primary meningeal melanocytoma (PMM) is more exceptional,and also less usual than the malignant types.2 This rare tumor falls under the subclassification of primary melanocytic lesions in the World Health Organization's classification of central nervous system tumors.3 PMM located in the foramen magnum region is an unusual cause of bulbus medullae and fourth ventricle compression.Here we report a 48-year-old man with a PMM which is located in the foramen magnum inducing supratentorial obstructive hydrocephalus.

Effect of rare earth on primary carbides in H13 die steel and their addition method:a review

Larger-sized primary carbides lead to stress concentration during the application of H13 hot-work die steel,resulting in microcracks and fatigue failure.Rare earth was usually added to modify the carbides and inclusions.The existing literature is reviewed on the effect of rare earth on primary carbides in H13 steel.A comprehensive review on the effect of rare earth on the characteristics of primary carbides,i.e.,number,size,morphology,and thermal stability in H13 steel,was done.The precipitation mechanism and nucleation of primary carbides with rare earth were summarized.The position and form of rare earth in steel and their effects on alloying elements segregation were reviewed.The addition techniques of rare earth in H13 steel were compared,and the prospects for other uncommon rare earth and emerging technology were present.Based on the current references,it can be known that adding rare earth facilitated refined and dispersed primary carbides.The size of primary carbides would be reduced,and their morphology would be improved because the rare earth inclusions formed in H13 steel can act as nucleation cores forγ-Fe orδ-Fe,refining the dendritic structure.Besides,the number of primary carbides at grain boundaries would be significantly reduced.However,rare earth had little impact on thermal stability.The nucleation of primary carbides tended to be inhibited due to the modification of inclusions by rare earth which were likely to be nucleation cores for primary carbides.Rare earth had been reported to affect the mechanism and process of primary carbide precipitation.Additionally,the addition of rare earth can inhibit the segregation of alloying elements and carbon diffusion by calculation.Thus,laboratory experiments and theoretical calcu-lations need to be conducted to study the states and evolution of rare earth steels.

Prognostic Impact of Fasting Plasma Glucose on Mortality and Re-Hospitalization in Patients with Acute Heart Failure

Background： The impact of fasting plasma glucose （FPG） on survival outcomes in patients with acute heart failure （HF） is unclear, and the relationship between intensity of glycemic control of FPG in diabetes mellitus （DM） patients and HF prognosis remains uncertain. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of FPG in patients with acute HF. Methods： A total of 624 patients hospitalized with acute HF from October 2000 to April 2014 were enrolled in this study. All patients were stratified by three groups according to their admission FPG levels （i.e., DM, impaired fasting glucose [IFG], and non-DM）. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality was the primary end point, and HF re-hospitalization was the secondary end point during follow-up period. Results： A total of 587 patients were included in final analysis. The all-cause mortality rates of patients with DM, IFG, and non-DM were 55.5%, 40.3%, and 39.2%, with significant difference （P = 0.001 ）. Moreover, compared with those with IFG （34.3%） and non-DM （32.6%）, patients with DM had significantly higher rate of cardiovascular mortality （45.1%）. Multiple Cox regression analysis showed that DM as well as IFG was related to all-cause mortality （DM： hazard ratio [HR] = 1.936, P 〈 0.001; IFG： FIR = 1.672, P = 0.019） and cardiovascular mortality （DM： HR = 1.739, P 〈 0.001; IFG： HR = 1.817, P = 0.013）. However, they were both unrelated to HF re-hospitalization. DM patients with strictly controlled blood glucose （FPG 〈3.9 mmol/L） had higher all-cause mortality than patients with non-DM, IFG, and DM patients with moderately controlled glucose （3.9 mmol/L_〈 FPG 〈7.0 mmol/L）. Likewise, both the primary end point and secondary end point were found to be worse in DM patients with poorly controlled blood glucose （FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L）. Conclusions： IFG and DM were associated with higher all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in patients with acute HF. The association between mortality and admission FPG in DM patients with acute HF appeared U-shaped.

Effect of Metabolic Syndrome on Risk Stratification for Left Atrial or Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus Formation in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Background：Metabolic syndrome （MS） is a risk factor for stroke and thromboembolism event.Left atrial or LA appendage （LA/LAA） thrombus is a surrogate of potential stroke.The relationship between MS and atrial thrombus remains unclear.In this study,we sought to investigate the effect of MS on risk stratification of LA/LAA thrombus formation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation （NVAF）.Methods：This cross-sectional study enrolled 294 consecutive NVAF patients without prior anticoagulant and lipid-lowering therapies.LA/LAA thrombus was determined by transesophageal echocardiography.Risk assessment of LA/LAA thrombus was performed using the CHADS2,CHA2DS2-VASc,MS,CHADS2-MS,and CHA2DS2-VASc-MS scores.Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine which factors were significantly related to LA/LAA thrombus.Odds ratio （OR） including 95% confidence interval was also calculated.The predictive powers of different scores for the risk of LA/LAA thrombus were represented by C-statistics and compared by receiver operating characteristic （ROC） analysis.Results：LA/LAA thrombi were identified in 56 patients （19.0%）.Logistic analysis showed that MS was the strongest risk factor for LA/LAA thrombus in NVAF patients （OR =14.698,P 〈 0.001）.ROC curve analyses revealed that the C-statistics of CHADS2-MS and CHA2DS2-VASc-MS was significantly higher than those of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores （CHADS2-MS vs.CHADS2,0.807 vs.0.726,P=0.0019）.Furthermore,MS was helpful for identifying individuals with a high risk of LA/LAA thrombus in the population with a low risk of stroke （CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc score =0）.Conclusions：MS is associated with LA/LAA thrombus risk in patients with NVAF.In addition to the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores,the CHADS2-MS and CHA2DS2-VASc-MS scores provide additional information on stroke risk assessment.

Role of Circulating Fibrocytes in Cardiac Fibrosis

Objective： It is revealed that circulating fibrocytes are elevated in patients/animals with cardiac fibrosis, and this review aims to provide an introduction to circulating fibrocytes and their role in cardiac fibrosis.Data Sources： This review is based on the data from 1994 to present obtained from PubMed.The search terms were ＆quot;circulating fibrocytes＆quot; and ＆quot;cardiac fibrosis＆quot;.Study Selection： Articles and critical reviews, which are related to circulating fibrocytes and cardiac fibrosis, were selected.Results： Circulating fibrocytes, which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells, represent a subset of peripheral blood mononuclear cells exhibiting mixed morphological and molecular characteristics ofhematopoietic and mesenchymal cells （CD34＋/CD45＋/collagen I＋）.They can produce extracellular matrix and many cytokines.It is shown that circulating fibrocytes participate in many fibrotic diseases, including cardiac fibrosis.Evidence accumulated in recent years shows that aging individuals and patients with hypertension, heart failure, coronary heart disease, and atrial fibrillation have more circulating fibrocytes in peripheral blood and/or heart tissue, and this elevation of circulating fibrocytes is correlated with the degree of fibrosis in the hearts.Conclusions： Circulating fibrocytes are effector cells in cardiac fibrosis.