Three-dimensional ATUM-SEM reconstruction and analysis of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum-organelle interactions

The endoplasmic reticulum(ER)is a contiguous and complicated membrane network in eukaryotic cells,and membrane contact sites(MCSs)between the ER and other organelles perform vital cellular functions,including lipid homeostasis,metabolite exchange,calcium level regulation,and organelle division.Here,we establish a whole pipeline to reconstruct all ER,mitochondria,lipid droplets,lysosomes,peroxisomes,and nuclei by automated tape-collecting ultramicrotome scanning electron microscopy and deep learning techniques,which generates an unprecedented 3D model for mapping liver samples.Furthermore,the morphology of various organelles and the MCSs between the ER and other organelles are systematically analyzed.We found that the ER presents with predominantly flat cisternae and is knitted tightly all throughout the intracellular space and around other organelles.In addition,the ER has a smaller volume-to-membrane surface area ratio than other organelles,which suggests that the ER could be more suited for functions that require a large membrane surface area.Our data also indicate that ER-mitochondria contacts are particularly abundant,especially for branched mitochondria.Our study provides 3D reconstructions of various organelles in liver samples together with important fundamental information for biochemical and functional studies in the liver.

Synaptic degeneration in the prefrontal cortex of a rat AD model revealed by volume electron microscopy

Alzheimer’s disease(AD),a neurodegenerative disease,is identified as the most common cause of dementia(Goedert and Spillantini,2006).Typical symptoms of AD in neuropathology are closely associated with changes in synapses and neurons(Serrano-Pozo et al.,2011).The prefrontal cortex(PFC)plays a crucial role in executive function,controlling the highest level of cognitive and emotional processes,and is also vulnerable to neurodegeneration in AD(Salat et al.,2001).While synaptic degeneration is believed to underlie the progressive decline of cognition in AD,specific changes in synaptic structures relevant to AD remain elusive due to a shortage of quantitative tools.Synaptic dysfunction,while key to AD pathophysiology,is difficult to monitor and study in human AD patients.