Rabies virus(RABV)is an infectious and neurotropic pathogen that causes rabies and infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals,posing a great threat to people and public safety.It is well known that innate immu...Rabies virus(RABV)is an infectious and neurotropic pathogen that causes rabies and infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals,posing a great threat to people and public safety.It is well known that innate immunity is the critical first line of host defense against viral infection.It monitors the invading pathogens by recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors,leading to the production of type I interferons(IFNα/β),inflammatory cytokines,and chemokines,or the activation of autophagy or apoptosis to inhibit virus replication.In the case of RABV,the innate immune response is usually triggered when the skin or muscle is bitten or scratched.However,RABV has evolved many ways to escape or even hijack innate immune response to complete its own replication and eventually invades the central nervous system(CNS).Once RABV reaches the CNS,it cannot be wiped out by the immune system or any drugs.Therefore,a better understanding of the interplay between RABV and innate immu-nity is necessary to develop effective strategies to combat its infection.Here,we review the innate immune responses induced by RABV and illustrate the antagonism mechanisms of RABV to provide new insights for the control of rabies.展开更多
Many studies suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)can infect various animals and transmit among animals,and even to humans,posing a threat to humans and animals.There is an urgent ne...Many studies suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)can infect various animals and transmit among animals,and even to humans,posing a threat to humans and animals.There is an urgent need to develop inexpensive and efficient animal vaccines to prevent and control coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in animals.Rabies virus(RABV)is another important zoonotic pathogen that infects almost all warmblooded animals and poses a great public health threat.The present study constructed two recombinant chimeric viruses expressing the S1 and RBD proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan01 strain based on a reverse genetic system of the RABV SRV9 strain and evaluated their immunogenicity in mice,cats and dogs.The results showed that both inactivated recombinant viruses induced durable neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and RABV and a strong cellular immune response in mice.Notably,inactivated SRV-nCoV-RBD induced earlier antibody production than SRV-nCoV-S1,which was maintained at high levels for longer periods.Inactivated SRV-nCoV-RBD induced neutralizing antibodies against both SARS-CoV-2 and RABV in cats and dogs,with a relatively broadspectrum cross-neutralization capability against the SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses including Alpha,Beta,Gamma,Delta,and Omicron,showing potential to be used as a safe bivalent vaccine candidate against COVID-19 and rabies in animals.展开更多
Dear Editor,Monkeypox virus(MPXV)is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Poxviridae,subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,and genus Orthopoxvirus(Hraib et al.,2022;Gong et al.,2022).MPXV forms Congo Bas...Dear Editor,Monkeypox virus(MPXV)is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Poxviridae,subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,and genus Orthopoxvirus(Hraib et al.,2022;Gong et al.,2022).MPXV forms Congo Basin clade(clade I)and West African clade(clade II)(Durski et al.,2018).Additionally,clade II consists of two subclades,clade IIa and clade IIb.展开更多
Nanoscale Kirkendall effect has been widely used for rationally fabricating high-quality hollow nanocrystals, but often requires the intrinsic diffusion coefficient of out-diffusion materials higher than that of in-di...Nanoscale Kirkendall effect has been widely used for rationally fabricating high-quality hollow nanocrystals, but often requires the intrinsic diffusion coefficient of out-diffusion materials higher than that of in-diffusion components. Here we demonstrate an unexpected Kirkendall effect that occurs in diffusing intrinsically faster Cu atoms into Pd icosahedra, leading to the formation of PdCu alloyed hollow nanocrystals. The control experiment with Pd octahedra replacing icosahedra indicates the critical role of twin boundaries in facilitating such unexpected Kirkendall effect. In addition, geometric phase analysis and density functional theory calculation show that out-diffusion of Pd atoms in the icosahedra is faster than in-diffusion of Cu atoms, particularly through the twin boundaries, upon the strain gradient with an inward distribution from tensile to compressive strains. The unexpected Kirkendall effect is also found in the interdiffusion of Ag and Pd atoms in Pd icosahedra. Our finds break the limitation of the intrinsic diffusion coefficient for the synthesis of hollow nanocrystals through Kirkendall effect and are expected to enormously enrich the family of hollow nanocrystals which have shown great potential in broad areas, such as fine chemical production, energy storage and conversion, and environmental protection. This work also provides a deep understanding in the diffusion behavior of atoms upon the strain gradient.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:31872487。
文摘Rabies virus(RABV)is an infectious and neurotropic pathogen that causes rabies and infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals,posing a great threat to people and public safety.It is well known that innate immunity is the critical first line of host defense against viral infection.It monitors the invading pathogens by recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors,leading to the production of type I interferons(IFNα/β),inflammatory cytokines,and chemokines,or the activation of autophagy or apoptosis to inhibit virus replication.In the case of RABV,the innate immune response is usually triggered when the skin or muscle is bitten or scratched.However,RABV has evolved many ways to escape or even hijack innate immune response to complete its own replication and eventually invades the central nervous system(CNS).Once RABV reaches the CNS,it cannot be wiped out by the immune system or any drugs.Therefore,a better understanding of the interplay between RABV and innate immu-nity is necessary to develop effective strategies to combat its infection.Here,we review the innate immune responses induced by RABV and illustrate the antagonism mechanisms of RABV to provide new insights for the control of rabies.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant No.2021YFC2600202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 31872487).
文摘Many studies suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)can infect various animals and transmit among animals,and even to humans,posing a threat to humans and animals.There is an urgent need to develop inexpensive and efficient animal vaccines to prevent and control coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in animals.Rabies virus(RABV)is another important zoonotic pathogen that infects almost all warmblooded animals and poses a great public health threat.The present study constructed two recombinant chimeric viruses expressing the S1 and RBD proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan01 strain based on a reverse genetic system of the RABV SRV9 strain and evaluated their immunogenicity in mice,cats and dogs.The results showed that both inactivated recombinant viruses induced durable neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and RABV and a strong cellular immune response in mice.Notably,inactivated SRV-nCoV-RBD induced earlier antibody production than SRV-nCoV-S1,which was maintained at high levels for longer periods.Inactivated SRV-nCoV-RBD induced neutralizing antibodies against both SARS-CoV-2 and RABV in cats and dogs,with a relatively broadspectrum cross-neutralization capability against the SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses including Alpha,Beta,Gamma,Delta,and Omicron,showing potential to be used as a safe bivalent vaccine candidate against COVID-19 and rabies in animals.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant No.2021YFF0703600).
文摘Dear Editor,Monkeypox virus(MPXV)is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Poxviridae,subfamily Chordopoxvirinae,and genus Orthopoxvirus(Hraib et al.,2022;Gong et al.,2022).MPXV forms Congo Basin clade(clade I)and West African clade(clade II)(Durski et al.,2018).Additionally,clade II consists of two subclades,clade IIa and clade IIb.
基金This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.51522103,51871200,and 61721005)and the National Program for Support of Top-Notch Young Professionals.
文摘Nanoscale Kirkendall effect has been widely used for rationally fabricating high-quality hollow nanocrystals, but often requires the intrinsic diffusion coefficient of out-diffusion materials higher than that of in-diffusion components. Here we demonstrate an unexpected Kirkendall effect that occurs in diffusing intrinsically faster Cu atoms into Pd icosahedra, leading to the formation of PdCu alloyed hollow nanocrystals. The control experiment with Pd octahedra replacing icosahedra indicates the critical role of twin boundaries in facilitating such unexpected Kirkendall effect. In addition, geometric phase analysis and density functional theory calculation show that out-diffusion of Pd atoms in the icosahedra is faster than in-diffusion of Cu atoms, particularly through the twin boundaries, upon the strain gradient with an inward distribution from tensile to compressive strains. The unexpected Kirkendall effect is also found in the interdiffusion of Ag and Pd atoms in Pd icosahedra. Our finds break the limitation of the intrinsic diffusion coefficient for the synthesis of hollow nanocrystals through Kirkendall effect and are expected to enormously enrich the family of hollow nanocrystals which have shown great potential in broad areas, such as fine chemical production, energy storage and conversion, and environmental protection. This work also provides a deep understanding in the diffusion behavior of atoms upon the strain gradient.