Upper gastrointestinal sensory-motor dysfunction in diabetes mellitus

胃肠(官方补给) 感觉马达的畸形在有糖尿病的病人是普通的并且可以包含官方补给的道的任何部分。畸形经常是无临床症状的，并且幸好，严重、威胁生活的问题仅仅很少发生。在糖尿病的反常上面的官方补给的感觉马达的功能的致病不完全地被理解并且是最可能的起源多因素。糖尿病的自治神经病以及糖尿病的尖锐非最优的控制被显示了损害官方补给的马达和感觉功能。词法并且官方补给的墙的机械改变在糖尿病的持续时间期间开发的简历，并且可以贡献马达和感觉机能障碍。在感觉的这评论和活动性，在糖尿病的上面的官方补给的道的混乱被讨论；并且与感觉马达的机能障碍有关的机械改变也是的词法变化和简历探讨了。

Diabetes-induced mechanophysiological changes in the small intestine and colon

The disorders of gastrointestinal(GI) tract including intestine and colon are common in the patients with diabetes mellitus(DM). DM induced intestinal and colonic structural and biomechanical remodeling in animals and humans. The remodeling is closely related to motor-sensory abnormalities of the intestine and colon which are associated with the symptoms frequently encountered in patients with DM such as diarrhea and constipation. In this review, firstly we review DM-induced histomorphological and biomechanical remodeling of intestine and colon. Secondly we review motor-sensory dysfunction and how they relate to intestinal and colonic abnormalities. Finally the clinical consequences of DMinduced changes in the intestine and colon including diarrhea, constipation, gut microbiota change and colon cancer are discussed. The final goal is to increase the understanding of DM-induced changes in the gut and the subsequent clinical consequences in order to provide the clinicians with a better understanding of the GI disorders in diabetic patients and facilitates treatments tailored to these patients.

Relationships of CDXs and apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter in Barrett's esophagus

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is characterized by intestinal metaplasia with the differentiated epithelium replaced by another type of epithelium morphologically similar to normal intestinal epithelium. The metaplasia is preceded by bile and acid reflux into the esophagus. BE is a premalignant condition associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer, especially esophageal adenocarcinoma. The Caudal-related homeodomain transcription factors Caudal-related homeodomain transcription factor CDX1 and CDX2 are expressed exclusively in the small and large intestine, playing important roles in proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Ectopic expression of CDX1 and CDX2 occurs in BE. The apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is expressed primarily in terminal ileum where it is a key factor for intestinal reabsorption of bile salts. In addition to upregulation of CDX1 and CDX2, ASBT expression is up-regulated in BE. Furthermore, both CDX1/CDX2 and ASBT expressions are down-regulated in high-grade esophageal dysplasia. The alteration of the above-mentioned factors calls for attention: what is the relationship between CDXs and ASBT aberrant expression in BE? In this commentary, we discuss this issue on basis of the recent study done by Ma et al .

Vertical distribution of soil moisture and surface sandy soil wind erosion for different types of sand dune on the southeastern margin of the Mu Us Sandy Land,China

Soil moisture is a critical state affecting a variety of land surface and subsurface processes. We report investigation results of the factors controlling vertical variation of soil moisture and sand transport rate of three types of dunes on the south- eastern margin of the Mu Us Sandy Land. Samples were taken from holes drilled to a depth of 4 m at different topographic sites on the dunes, and were analyzed for soil moisture, grain-size distribution and surface sediment discharge. The results show that： （1） The average soil moisture varies in different types of dunes, with the following sequences ordered from highest to lowest： in the shrubs-covered dunes and the trees-covered dunes the sequence is from inter-dunes lowland to windward slope to leeward slope. The average moisture in the bare-migratory sand dunes is sequenced from inter-dunes lowland to leeward slope to windward slope. （2） Vegetation form and surface coverage affect the range of soil moisture of different types of dunes in the same topographic position. The coefficient of variation of soil moisture for shrubs-covered dunes is higher than that of other types of dune. （3） The effect of shrubs on dune soil moisture is explained in terms of the greater ability of shrubs to trap fine-grained atmospheric dust and hold moisture. （4） The estimated sand transport rates over sand dunes with sparse shrubs are less than those over bare-migratory dunes or sand dunes with sparse trees, indicating that shrubs are more effective in inhibiting wind erosion in the sandy land area.

The oesophageal zero-stress state and mucosal folding from a GIOME perspective

The oesophagus is a cylindrical organ with a collapsed lumen and mucosal folds. The mucosal folding may serve to advance the function of the oesophagus, i.e. the folds have a major influence on the flow of air and bolus through the oesophagus. Experimental studies have demonstrated oesophageal mucosal folds in the no- load state. This indicates that mucosal buckling must be considered in the analysis of the mechanical reference state since the material stiffness drops dramatically after tissue collapse. Most previous work on the oesophageal zero-stress state and mucosal folding has been experimental. However, numerical analysis offers a promising alternative approach, with the additional ability to predict the mucosal buckling behaviour and to calculate the regional stress and strain in complex structures. A numerical model used for describing the mechanical behaviour of the mucosal-folded, three- layered, two-dimensional oesophageal model is reviewed. GIOME models can be used in the future to predict the tissue function physiologically and pathologically.

Three-dimensional surface model analysis in the gastrointestinal tract

简历机械变化在人的功能的装载并且卸掉期间胃肠(官方补给) 道充分没被理解。官方补给的功能被在官方补给的腔介绍探针通常学习。一种有希望的选择来临在这方面的计算机建模提议，与在无法接近的地点预言地区性的压力和紧张的另外的能力。在官方补给的道的紧张和压力分布与膨胀性(紧张紧张关系) 和平滑肌音调有关。紧张上的更多的知识和官方补给的道上的应力被需要与胃肠的混乱改进病人的诊断。能被用来集成官方补给的系统的生理、解剖、医药的知识的一个当模特儿的框架最近被开发了。3-D 解剖学模型用 ultrasonography，计算机断层摄影术(CT ) 或磁性的回声成像(MRI ) 从数字图象被构造。不同数学算法基于薄墙的结构为表面分析被开发，有限元素方法被申请合拢 mucosa 三分层的食道的模型分析。工具可能为学习几何学和简历是有用的处于健康和疾病的这些机关的机械性质。这些研究将服务测试几何上复杂的机关的结构功能假设。

国家公园生态系统完整性的内涵及评价框架:以东北虎豹国家公园为例

保护自然生态系统的完整性是我国建立国家公园的主要目标之一,《国家公园设立规范》(GB/T 39737-2021)已将生态系统完整性作为国家公园的准入条件生态重要性的认定指标之一,但目前对国家公园生态系统完整性的内涵还没有统一定义,并缺乏具体的评价体系。本文在国内外相关研究的基础上,结合我国国家公园体制试点成果及第一批国家公园设立实践,提出了国家公园生态系统完整性的基本内涵及评价指标体系,以期为今后设立国家公园时划定边界范围或评估国家公园管理成效提供理论依据。作者提出,应从生态系统结构和过程完整性、功能完整性、空间格局完整性3个维度对我国国家公园生态系统完整性进行综合评价。以东北虎豹国家公园为例,体制试点以来,东北虎(Panthera tigris altai)ca和东北豹(P.pardus orientalis)等顶级食肉动物的食物链相对完整,虎、豹野生种群从俄罗斯进入、定居、繁衍、扩散的路径清晰,种群稳定增长、栖息地质量持续改善,生物多样性日益丰富,国家公园正式设立范围划定时充分考虑了生态系统完整性保护,生态系统完整性评级为优秀,为国家公园可持续发展奠定了良好基础。

Optimal configuration of distributed power flow controller to enhance system loadability via mixed integer linear programming

The increase of energy consumption has caused power systems to operate close to the limit of their capacity.The distributed power flow controller(DPFC),as a new member of distributed flexible AC transmission systems,is introduced to remove this barrier.This paper proposes an optimal DPFC configuration method to enhance system loadability considering economic performance based on mixed integer linear programming.The conflicting behavior of system loadability and DPFC investment is analyzed and optimal solutions are calculated.Thereafter,the fuzzy decision-making method is implemented for determining the most preferred solution.In the most preferred solution obtained,the investment of DPFCs is minimized to find the optimal number,locations and set points.Simulation results on the IEEERTS79 system demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and reasonable.

Impedance Modeling and Stability Analysis of a Three-phase Three-level NPC Inverter Connected to the Grid

The interaction between grid-connected inverters and the grid may cause stability issues,and compromise the reliable operation of the inverters.This study investigates the stability of a three-level neutral point clamped(NPC)inverter connected to the grid using impedance-based methods.Because the impedance model of a three-phase three-level NPC inverter has not yet been reported,this study fills the literature gap by analyzing the influence of three-level DC-side neutral point control on the impedance characteristics.By fully considering the DC bus dynamics and DC voltage control loop,and the current loop and phase-locked loop(PLL),the admittance model of a three-phase three-level NPC inverter is established and verified by simulation.Additionally,in the stability analysis of a threelevel NPC inverter grid-connected system,the frequency coupling introduced by the PLL and DC bus dynamics is included with the help of an established admittance model.The stability of the grid-connected system under different grid short circuit ratios(SCR)and operating power levels is analyzed according to the Nyquist stability criterion.The experimental results revealed that the established impedance model of the three-phase three-level NPC inverter can properly represent the stability of this system.

Two Arabidopsis Receptor-like Cytoplasmic Kinases SZE1 and SZE2 Associate with the ZAR1-ZED1 Complex and Are Required for Effector-Triggered Immunity

Plants utilize intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat domain-containing receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogen effectors and induce a robust defense response named effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The Arabidopsis NLR protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1) forms a precomplex with HOPZ-ETI-DEFICIENT 1 (ZED1),a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) XII-2 subfamily member, to recognize the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopZ1 a. We previously described a dominant mutant of Arabi-dopsis ZED1, zed1-D, which displays temperature-sensitive autoimmunity in a ZAR1-dependent manner. Here, we report that the RLCKs SUPPRESSOR OF ZED1-D1 (SZE1) and SZE2 associate with the ZAR1-ZED1 complex and are required for the ZED7-D-activated autoimmune response and HopZ1a-triggered immunity. We show that SZE1 but not SZE2 has autophosphorylation activity, and that the N-terminal myristoylation of both SZE1 and SZE2 is critical for their plasma membrane localization and ZED1-D-activated autoimmunity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SZE1 and SZE2 both interact with ZAR1 to form ja functional complex and are required for resistance against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 ex-pressing HopZIa. We also provide evidence that SZE1 and SZE2 interact with HopZ1a and function together with ZED1 to change the intramolecular interactions of ZAR1, leading to its activation. Taken together, our re-sults reveal SZE1 and SZE2 as critical signaling components of HopZ1a-triggered immunity.

Subsynchronous resonance and its mitigation for power system with unified power flow controller

Control strategy of unified power flow controller(UPFC)utilizing dq decoupling control is deduced in this paper,which can closely follow the control orders of the active and reactive power.The subsynchronous resonance(SSR)characteristics of a series compensated system equipped with UPFC are studied,and the results reveal that SSR characteristics of the system may vary significantly with UPFC in service or not.Consequently,supplementary subsynchronous damping controller(SSDC)for UPFC is proposed and investigated,and the effectiveness of the proposed SSDC is verified by damping torque analysis and time domain simulations.

A portable wind turbine condition monitoring system and its field applications

This article introduces a portable wind turbine condition monitoring system(CMS)and its applications in wind turbine drivetrain damage detection.The portable CMS based on vibration detection and analysis has a long application history in conventional rotating machineries,but it is not widely used in wind turbines.There are several reasons why it is not used,including the labor-and knowledge-intensive requirements for test setup and result interpretation.There are also reasons specific to wind turbines,such as the structural diversity of drivetrains,the uncertainty of operational conditions,and the complexity of the damage mechanism of different parts that make the conventional vibration-based CMS inefficient and not cost-effective.All these factors affect the wide application of the portable system.The portable wind turbine CMS discussed in this article is integrated using advanced vibration measurement and analysis methodology.Fault detection for the acquired acceleration response and high-speed shaft speed signal is carried out by a suite of data analysis techniques specifically designed for a wind turbine gearbox.Using these techniques,damage detection accuracy for all the components inside a gearbox is improved significantly,especially for those related to medium-and low-speed shafts.The new data processing techniques also are briefly described with the developed methodologies verified by three wind turbines with typical low-speed shaft-related component damages.These damage assessments include the low-and medium-speed planetary stage ring gear,the low-speed planetary stage planet gear and damage to the main bearing.

Optimal location of a particulate matter sampling head outside an unmanned aerial vehicle

Particulate matter （PM） has received considerable attention from scientists because of its adverse effects on human health. Unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） offer a new approach for monitoring PM in inaccessi- ble or dangerous locations. Computational fluid dynamics software and a wind-tunnel experiment were used to evaluate the flow field at 20, 30, and 40m/s, as well as the trajectories of PM1, PM2.5, and PMlo. The numerical simulation results show that the PM sampling head can be installed 440-680 mm from the UAV nose, and at least 130, 135, and 145 mm below the horizontal axis for free stream velocities of 20, 30, and 40 m/s, respectively. Wind-tunnel experiment results confirmed and improved on those numer- ical results, and showed that the PM sampling head can be 500-600 mm aft the UAV nose, at vertical distances below the horizontal axis of at least 138 mm for 500-550 mm, and 157 mm for 550-600 mm. In addition, sampling points can be located at either side of the optimal ranges, not only on the center line or the UAV.