Study on oil–source correlation by analyzing organic geochemistry characteristics: a case study of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the south of Ordos Basin, China

In the south of the Ordos Basin, the oil source of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is confused all the time, which affects further exploration. In this study, oil sources from the oil layers of Ch6, Ch8 and Ch9 are all analyzed and confirmed. Through their carbon isotope value and biomarkers, characteristics of crude oils from the Yanchang Formation are analyzed. Then, the oil–source relation is discussed, with the source rocks' features.Finally, the oil–source relation is calculated through cluster analysis. It is believed that the oils from the Yanchang Formation deposit in a similar redox environment, with weak oxidation–weak reduction, and have all entered maturity stage. Ch9 crude oil is more mature than crude oils from Ch6 and Ch8, and has more advanced plants and fewer algae. Gas chromatography(GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS) analysis show that crude oils from Ch6 and Ch8 may come from Ch7, and Ch9 crude oil may not. Cluster analysis displays that crude oils from Ch6 and Ch8 have closer squared Euclidean distance with Ch7 source rocks than Ch9 crude oil does,indicating crude oils from Ch6 and Ch8 stem from Ch7 source rocks. And Ch9 crude oil has rather close squared Euclidean distance with Ch9 source rocks, illustrating Ch9 crude oil may be from Ch9 source rocks. This research may provide the theoretical basis for the next exploration deploy in the south of Ordos Basin.

Elemental characteristics and paleoenvironment reconstruction： a case study of the Triassic lacustrine Zhangjiatan oil shale, southern Ordos Basin, China

Using trace elements to reconstruct paleoenvironment is a current hot topic in geochemistry. Through analytical tests of oil yield, ash yield, calorific value, total sulfur, major elements, trace elements, and X-ray diffraction, the quality, mineral content, occurrence mode of elements, and paleoenvironment of the Zhangjiatan oil shale of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southern Ordos Basin were studied. The analyses revealed relatively high oil yield(average 6.63%) and medium quality. The mineral content in the oil shale was mainly clay minerals,quartz, feldspar, and pyrite; an illite–smectite mixed layer comprised the major proportion of clay minerals. Compared with marine oil shale in China, the Zhangjiatan oil shale had higher contents of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals, and lower calcite content. Silica was mainly in quartz and Fe was associated with organic matter, which is different from marine oil shale. The form of calcium varied. Cluster analyses indicated that Fe, Cu, U, V, Zn, As,Cs, Cd, Mo, Ga, Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, Sc, P, and Mn are associated with organic matter while Ca, Na, Sr, Ba, Si, Zr, K,Al, B, Mg, and Ti are mostly terrigenous. Sr/Cu, Ba/Al, V/(V+ Ni), U/Th, AU, and δU of oil shale samples suggest the paleoclimate was warm and humid, paleoproductivity of the lake was relatively high during deposition of the shale—which mainly occurred in fresh water—and the paleo-redox condition was dominated by reducing conditions. Fe/Ti ratios of the oil shale samples suggest clear hydrothermal influence in the eastern portion of the study area and less conspicuous hydrothermal influence in the western portion.

The influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on the green development of the mining industry: empirical analysis based on the system GMM and dynamic panel data model

The intensity of environmental regulation (ERI) affects the short-term effect of the level of green mining (GML),and which structure determines the long-term mechanism.Based on the panel data from 2001 to 2015,with the dynamic panel model and system GMM estimation method were employed to test the influence of heterogeneous environmental regulation on green mining and its transmission mechanism.The results show that,there is a 'U' type nonlinear relationship between the ERI and GML.The direct effect of command-control-based (CAC) and the market incentive-based (MBI) environmental regulation on green development of mining shows the characteristics of inhibition and promotion.There is a 'U' type of indirectly moderating effect between technological innovation and the energy consumption structure on the GML.The technological innovation promotes the green development of the mining industry only after pass the inflection point of MBI,while the CAC plays a significant guiding role in upgrading of the energy consumption structure.There is an inhibition and promotion effect of MBI on the GML in the southeast coastal area,and the CAC is not significantly.Meanwhile,both of the ERI shows no positive effects in the central and western inland region.

基于宏病毒组学技术挖掘猪腹泻粪便的病毒群落组成

为系统鉴定现阶段上海地区仔猪腹泻样品中的病毒群落组成,本研究利用宏病毒组学技术对临床采集的猪腹泻粪便进行了宏病毒高通量测序。结果显示,测序获得了1,676,726个RNAcontig和95,111个DNAcontig,RNA病毒和DNA病毒序列分别占比38.58%和3.10%。其中星状病毒科、杯状病毒科和小RNA病毒科是病毒总群落中占比最高的前3个科。虽然DNA病毒在病毒总群落中的占比较低,但其单组分环状DNA(CRESS-DNA)病毒种类丰富多样,包含有18种CRESS-DNA病毒。经基因组序列深度拼接,共获得了46条病毒全基因组序列,包括2株猪星状病毒和3株类似星状病毒、2株札幌病毒、16株小双节RNA病毒和23株CRESS-DNA病毒。其中1株札幌病毒归属于GII/3亚型,与人札幌病毒亲缘性较近。16株小双节RNA病毒中有4株归属于GGI亚型,其余12株归属于GGII亚型。23株CRESS-DNA病毒中有1株归属于类双生病毒科、12株CRESS-DNA病毒归属于小环状DNA病毒科,另外10株CRESS-DNA病毒未分类。本研究揭示现阶段猪腹泻粪便中以RNA病毒为主导,且存在宿主多样性,提示可能存在种间基因重组,病原潜在危害性需进一步挖掘和验证。研究数据将为临床猪腹泻病防控提供参考和借鉴。