Methods and Countermeasures of Controlling Drilling Cost under New Normal

The oil price drops in the international crude oil market and the benefit of upstream operations reduces which has been the new normal of oil companies so far. The upstream operations production and management of oil companies face numerous problems and challenges. One of the most significant aspects is to control and optimize investment. Drilling investment is an important component of development investment in drilling oil and gas wells. This paper proposes ways and countermeasures of controlling drilling cost from 3 aspects which are technology innovation, management innovation and system innovation on basis of studying drilling cost structure and influence factors analysis. The results have some guidance and exemplary significance to show how to improve production and management effect respectively on upstream operations of oil companies under new normal.

Transplanted choroidal plexus epithelial cells can integrate with organotypic spinal cord slices into a new system

This study aimed to evaluate the integration of transplanted choroidal plexus epithelial cells with organotypic spinal cord slices.Organotypic spinal cord slices,normally cultured for 6 days,were divided into control group(Ctrl)and transplanted group(T).The choroidal plexus epithelial cells were dissociated and primary cultured(C group).The choroidal plexus epithelial cells cultured for 6–7 days were labeled by 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindocarbocyanineperchlorate(CM-Dil),and were identified by transthyretin(TTR)in immunocytochemistry.They were adjusted to the density of 0.5–1×107/ml,then 2μl cells suspension were transplanted to the spinal cord slices in the T group.The same amount of basal medium was dripped on the spinal cord slices in the Ctrl group.After 14 days of transplantation,the differentiations into neurons and astrocytes,and the synapses were identified by immunofluorescence histochemistry.At the same time,the ratios of cell differentiations and synapses in new system,and the changes of MAPK signaling pathway were tested by western blotting.The choroid plexus epithelial cells were well labeled by CM-Dil and were immune-stained by TTR in immunocytochemistry.The choroid plexus epithelial cells bodies were small when transplanted on the spinal cord slices,but big when transplanted on the polyester membrane inserts.The transplanted cells could differentiate into astrocytes,and possibly differentiate into neurons,and there were a large number of synaptophysin positive vesicles between transplanted cells and organotypic spinal cord slices in immunofluorescence histochemistry.The levels of GFAP,TUB-III and synaptophysin in the T group were higher than which in the Ctrl and C groups in western blotting(P<0.05).And the ratios of p-JNK/JNK and p-P38/P38 in the T group were significantly lower than which in the Ctrl and C groups(P<0.05).But the ratio of p-ERK/ERK in the three groups was of no significant difference.The transplanted choroidal plexus epithelial cells can integrate with organotypic spinal cord slices into a new system.

Liposome-based multifunctional nanoplatform as effective therapeutics for the treatment of retinoblastoma

Photothermal therapy has the characteristics of minimal invasiveness,controllability,high efficiency,and strong specificity,which can effectively make up for the toxic side effects and tumor resistance caused by traditional drug treatment.However,due to the limited tissue penetration of infrared light,it is difficult to promote and apply in clinical practice.The eye is the only transparent tissue in human,and infrared light can easily penetrate the eye tissue,so it is expected that photothermal therapy can be used to treat fundus diseases.Here in,a new nano-platform assembled by liposome and indocyanine green(ICG) was used to treat retinoblastoma.ICG was assembled in liposomes to overcome some problems of ICG itself.For example,ICG is easily quenched,self-aggregating and instability.Moreover,liposomes can prevent free ICG from being cleared through the systemic circulation.The construction of the nano-platform not only ensured the stability of ICG in vivo,but also realized imaging-guide photothermal therapy,which created a new strategy for the treatment of retinoblastoma.