Optical angiography for diabetes-induced pathological changes in microvascular structure and function:An overview

Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a kind of metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance due to absolute or relative lack of insulin,leading to chronic damage of vasculature within various organ systems.These detrimental e®ects on the vascular networks will result in the development of various diseases associated with microvascular injury.Modern optical imaging techniques provide essential tools for accurate evaluation of the structural and functional changes of blood vessels down to capillaries level,which can o®er valuable insight on understanding the development of DM-associated complications and design of targeted therapy.This review will brie°y introduce the DM-induced structural and functional alterations of vasculature within di®erent organs such as skin,cerebrum and kidneys,as well as how novel optical imaging techniques facilitate the studies focusing on exploration of these pathological changes of vasculature caused by DM both in-vivo and ex-vivo.

Photostimulation of lymphatic clearance ofβ‑amyloid from mouse brain:a new strategy for the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that poses a signifcant burden on socio-economic and healthcare systems worldwide.However,the currently available therapy of AD is limited,and new strategies are needed to enhance the clearance ofβ-amyloid(Aβ)protein and improve cognitive function.Photobiomodulation(PBM)is a noninvasive and efective therapeutic method that has shown promise in treating various brain diseases.Here,we demonstrate that 1267-nm PBM signifcantly alleviates cognitive decline in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD and is safe as it does not induce a signifcant increase in cortical temperature.Moreover,with the combination of 3D tissue optical clearing imaging and automatic brain region segmentation,we show that PBM-mediated reductions of Aβplaques in diferent subregions of prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus are diferent.The PBM-induced lymphatic clearance of Aβfrom the brain is associated with improvement of memory and cognitive functions in 5xFAD mice.Our results suggest that the modulation of meningeal lymphatic vessels(MLVs)should play an important role in promoting Aβclearance.Collectively,this pilot study demonstrates that PBM can safely accelerate lymphatic clearance of Aβfrom the brain of 5xFAD mice,promoting improvement of neurocognitive status of AD animals suggesting that PBM can be an efective and bedside therapy for AD.

A Through-Intact-Skull(TIS)chronic window technique for cortical structure and function observation in mice

Modern optical imaging techniques provide powerful tools for observing cortical structure and functions at high resolutions.Various skull windows have been established for different applications of cortical imaging,and each has its advantages and limitations.Most critical of the limitations,none of the current skull windows is suitable for observing the responses to some acute craniocerebral injuries on a large scale and at high resolution.Here,we developed a“Through-Intact-Skull(TIS)window”that enables the observation of an immune response on a bilateral cortical scale and at single-cell resolution after traumatic brain injury without affecting the pathological environment of the brain.The TIS window also has the advantages of craniotomy-freeness,centimeter-field of view,synaptic resolution,large imaging depth,long-term observation capability,and suitability for awake mice.Therefore,the TIS window is a promising new approach for intravital cortical microscopy in basic research in neuroscience.