A Compact Finite Volume Scheme for the Multi-Term Time Fractional Sub-Diffusion Equation

In this paper, we introduce high-order finite volume methods for the multi-term time fractional sub-diffusion equation. The time fractional derivatives are described in Caputo’s sense. By using some operators, we obtain the compact finite volume scheme have high order accuracy. We use a compact operator to deal with spatial direction;then we can get the compact finite volume scheme. It is proved that the finite volume scheme is unconditionally stable and convergent in L∞-norm. The convergence order is O(τ2-α + h4). Finally, two numerical examples are given to confirm the theoretical results. Some tables listed also can explain the stability and convergence of the scheme.

Mapping high-resolution surface shortwave radiation over East Asia with the new generation geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari-8

Surface shortwave radiation(SSR)plays an important role in global energy systems.The new generation of geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari-8,with higher spatiotemporal and spectral resolution,offers a new opportunity to retrieve SSR with higher accuracy.In this study,an improved algorithm was applied to estimate instantaneous,hourly,and daily mean SSR using cloud products from the Advanced Himawari Imager(AHI)onboard the Himawari-8 satellite.The validation against Baseline Surface Radiation Network(BSRN)stations showed a root mean square error(RMSE)of 95.8 W m^(-2) for instantaneous SSR,82.4 W m^(-2) for hourly SSR,and 22.8 W m^(-2) for daily SSR and mean bias error(MBE)of-15.8 W m^(-2),-14.1 W m^(-2),and-6.6 W m^(-2).The validation against China Meteorological Administration(CMA)stations showed a RMSE of 99.5 W m^(-2) and MBE of-8.2 W m^(-2) for hourly SSR and RMSE of 27.7 W m^(-2) and MBE of-3.9 W m^(-2) for daily SSR,which are generally better than the Himawari-8 SSR product.Overall,the improved algorithm performed well on the new-generation geostationary satellite,with high accuracy and efficiency,and would contribute to surface process research and photovoltaic engineering applications.

Potentiating CD8^(+) T cell antitumor activity by inhibiting PCSK9 to promote LDLR-mediated TCR recycling and signaling

Metabolic regulation has been proven to play a critical role in T cell antitumor immunity.However,cholesterol metabolism as a key component of this regulation remains largely unexplored.Herein,we found that the low-density lipoprotein receptor(LDLR),which has been previously identified as a transporter for cholesterol,plays a pivotal role in regulating CD8+T cell antitumor activity.Besides the involvement of cholesterol uptake which is mediated by LDLR in T cell priming and clonal expansion,we also found a non-canonical function of LDLR in CD8+T cells:LDLR interacts with the T-cell receptor(TCR)complex and regulates TCR recycling and signaling,thus facilitating the effector function of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes(CTLs).Furthermore,we found that the tumor microenvironment(TME)downregulates CD8+T cell LDLR level and TCR signaling via tumor cell-derived proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PCSK9)which binds to LDLR and prevents the recycling of LDLR and TCR to the plasma membrane thus inhibits the effector function of CTLs.Moreover,genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of PCSK9 in tumor cells can enhance the antitumor activity of CD8+T cells by alleviating the suppressive effect on CD8+T cells and consequently inhibit tumor progression.While previously established as a hypercholesterolemia target,this study highlights PCSK9/LDLR as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy as well.

Paradox of international maritime organization's carbon intensity indicator

The 76th session of the Marine Environment Committee(MEPC 76)of the International Maritime Organization adopted several mandatory measures in June 2021 to reduce carbon emissions from ships.One of the measures is the carbon intensity indicator(CII),which is the carbon emissions per unit transport work for each ship.Several options of CIIs are available and none of them is chosen to be applied yet.We prove that,at least in theory,requiring the attained annual CII of a ship to be less than a reference value,no matter which CII option is applied,may increase its carbon emissions.Therefore,more elaborate models,combined with real data,should be developed to analyze the effectiveness of each CII option and possibly to design a new CII.

Bi-level optimization model applications in managing air emissions from ships:A review

Ship air emissions are recognized as one of the key concerns of the maritime industry.Competent authorities have issued various regulations to manage air emissions from ships.Although the authorities are policy makers,the effectiveness of policies is up to the shipping industry who operates the vessels and terminals to fulfill maritime transportation works.Given this characteristic,bi-level optimization model has been widely adopted in studies that optimize policy design or evaluate its effectiveness.The framework of a typical bi-level optimization model for ship emission management problem is given to show the basic structure of similar issues.A series of applications of bi-level optimization model in managing ship emissions is reviewed,including cases of Energy Efficiency Design Index,Emissions Control Area,Market Based Measure,Carbon Intensity Indicator,and Vessel Speed Reduction Incentive Program.We hope this paper can enlighten scholars interested in this area and provide help for them.

Correction to:Potentiating CD8^(+)T cell antitumor activity by inhibiting PCSK9 to promote LDLR-mediated TCR recycling and signaling

Figure 1.LDLR deficiency hinders the antitumor activity of CD8^(+)T cells.(A)Transcriptional level of genes involved in cholesterol transport in naïve CD8^(+)T cells,CTLs and CD8^(+)TILs(isolated at Day3 or Day7 post CTLs adoptive transfer),(n=4).(B)LDLR expression level on CTLs and CD8^(+)TILs(isolated at Day3 post CTLs adoptive transfer),(n=4).