Laurasiatheria is one of the richest and most diverse superorders of placental mammals. Because this group had a rapid evolutionary radiation, the phylogenetic relationships among the six orders of Laurasiatheria rema...Laurasiatheria is one of the richest and most diverse superorders of placental mammals. Because this group had a rapid evolutionary radiation, the phylogenetic relationships among the six orders of Laurasiatheria remain a subject of heated debate and several issues related to its phylogeny remain open. Reconstructing the true phylogenetic relationships of Laurasiatheria is a significant case study in evolutionary biology due to the diversity of this suborder and such research will have significant implications for biodiversity conservation. We review the higher-level （inter-ordinal） phylogenies of Laurasiatheria based on previous cytogenetic, morphological and molecular data, and discuss the controversies of its phylogenetic relationship. This review aims to outline future researches on Laurasiatheria phylogeny and adaptive evolution.展开更多
Laurasiatheria is one of the richest and most diverse superorders of placental mammals.Because this group had a rapid evolutionary radiation,the phylogenetic relationships among the six orders of Laurasiatheria remain...Laurasiatheria is one of the richest and most diverse superorders of placental mammals.Because this group had a rapid evolutionary radiation,the phylogenetic relationships among the six orders of Laurasiatheria remain a subject of heated debate and several issues related to its phylogeny remain open.Reconstructing the true phylogenetic relationships of Laurasiatheria is a significant case study in evolutionary biology due to the diversity of this suborder and such research will have significant implications for biodiversity conservation.We review the higher-level(inter-ordinal)phylogenies of Laurasiatheria based on previous cytogenetic,morphological and molecular data,and discuss the controversies of its phylogenetic relationship.This review aims to outline future researches on Laurasiatheria phylogeny and adaptive evolution.展开更多
Pangolins(Pholidota,Manidae)are classified as an evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered mammal due to their unique morphology(nail-like scales and a myrmecophagous diet)and being the victim of heavy poaching ...Pangolins(Pholidota,Manidae)are classified as an evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered mammal due to their unique morphology(nail-like scales and a myrmecophagous diet)and being the victim of heavy poaching and worldwide trafficking.As such,pangolins serve as a textbook example for studying the special phenotypic evolutionary adaptations and conservation genetics of an endangered species.Recent years have demonstrated significant advancements in the fields of molecular genetics and genomics,which have translated to a series of important research achievements and breakthroughs concerning the evolution and conservation genetics of pangolins.This review comprehensively presents the hitherto advances in phylogeny,adaptive evolution,conservation genetics,and conservation genomics that are related to pangolins,which will provide an ample understanding of their diversity,molecular adaptation mechanisms,and evolutionary potentials.In addition,we highlight the priority of investigating species/population diversity among pangolins and suggest several avenues of research that are highly relevant for future pangolin conservation.展开更多
To develop high-performance metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)for catalysis is of great importance.Here,we synthesized the mesoporous Cu_(3−x)Zn_(x)(BTC)_(2)(BTC=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate)nanocubes in a deep eutectic s...To develop high-performance metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)for catalysis is of great importance.Here,we synthesized the mesoporous Cu_(3−x)Zn_(x)(BTC)_(2)(BTC=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate)nanocubes in a deep eutectic solvent of ZnCl_(2)/ethylene glycol solution.The route can proceed at room temperature and the reaction time needed is shortened to be 30 min,which is superior to the conventional solvothermal route that usually needs high temperature and long reaction time.The formation mechanism of the mesoporous Cu_(3−x)Zn_(x)(BTC)_(2)nanocubes in deep eutectic solvent(DES)was investigated by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction/small angle X-ray scattering/X-ray absorption fine structure conjunction technique.The mesoporous Cu_(3−x)Zn_(x)(BTC)_(2)nanocubes exhibit high catalytic activity and reusability for cyanosilylation reaction of benzaldehyde and aerobic oxidation reaction of benzylic alcohol.展开更多
To enhance the activity and selectivity of electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction to formate is of great importance from both environmental and economical viewpoints.Herein,the BiO_(2-x)nanosheets with surface electron loca...To enhance the activity and selectivity of electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction to formate is of great importance from both environmental and economical viewpoints.Herein,the BiO_(2-x)nanosheets with surface electron localizations were constructed and utilized for the efficient CO_(2)-to-formate conversion.The formate Faraday efficiency reaches 99.1%with current density of 12 mA cm^(−2)at^(−1).1 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)in an H-type cell while those in the flow cell are 91.3%and 319 mA cm^(−2)at^(−1).0 V versus RHE,respectively.Theoretical calculations indicate that the electron localization presenting in the BiO_(2-x)nanosheet favors OCHO*intermediate stabilization and suppresses H*intermediate adsorption,thus improving the CO_(2)-to-formate efficiency.The BiO_(2-x)electrocatalyst is nondopant,easily prepared,low-cost,highly active and selective for CO_(2)RR to formate,which has demonstrated potential for application in the Zn-CO_(2)battery.The maximum power density can reach 2.33 mW cm^(−2),and the charge/discharge cycling stability is>100 h(300 cycles)at 4.5 mA cm^(−2).展开更多
Pangolins are among the most critically endangered animals due to widespread poaching and worldwide trafficking. Captive breeding is considered to be one way to protect them and increase the sizes of their populations...Pangolins are among the most critically endangered animals due to widespread poaching and worldwide trafficking. Captive breeding is considered to be one way to protect them and increase the sizes of their populations. However, comparative studies of captive and wild pangolins in the context of gut microbiota are rare. Here, the gut microbiome of captive and confiscated-rescued wild pangolins is compared, and the effects of different periods of captivity and captivity with and without antibiotic treatment are considered.We show that different diets and periods of captivity, as well as the application of antibiotic therapy, can alter gut community composition and abundance in pangolins. Compared to wild pangolins, captive pangolins have an increased capacity for chitin and cellulose/hemicellulose degradation, fatty acid metabolism, and short-chain fatty acid synthesis, but a reduced ability to metabolize exogenous substances. In addition to increasing the ability of the gut microbiota to metabolize nutrients in captivity, captive breeding imposes some risks for survival by resulting in a greater abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors in captive pangolins than in wild pangolins. Our study is important for the development of guidelines for pangolin conservation, including health assessment, disease prevention, and rehabilitation of wild pangolin populations.展开更多
Among mammalian phylogenies,those characterized by rapid radiations are particularly problematic.The New World monkeys(NWMs,Platyrrhini)comprise 3 families and 7 subfamilies,which radiated within a relatively short ti...Among mammalian phylogenies,those characterized by rapid radiations are particularly problematic.The New World monkeys(NWMs,Platyrrhini)comprise 3 families and 7 subfamilies,which radiated within a relatively short time period.Accordingly,their phylogenetic relationships are still largely disputed.In the present study,56 nuclear non-coding loci,including 33 introns(INs)and 23 intergenic regions(IGs),from 20 NWM individuals representing 18 species were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among families and subfamilies.Of the 56 loci,43 have not been used in previous NWM phylogenetics.We applied concatenation and coalescence tree-inference methods,and a recently proposed question-specific approach to address NWM phylogeny.Our results indicate incongruence between concatenation and coalescence methods for the IN and IG datasets.However,a consensus was reached with a single tree topology from all analyses of combined INs and IGs as well as all analyses of question-specific loci using both concatenation and coalescence methods,albeit with varying degrees of statistical support.In detail,our results indicated the sister-group relationships between the families Atelidae and Pitheciidae,and between the subfamilies Aotinae and Callithrichinae among Cebidae.Our study provides insights into the disputed phylogenetic relationships among NWM families and subfamilies from the perspective of multiple non-coding loci and various tree-inference approaches.However,the present phylogenetic framework needs further evaluation by adding more independent sequence data and a deeper taxonomic sampling.Overall,our work has important implications for phylogenetic studies dealing with rapid radiations.展开更多
Electrochemical reduction of CO_(2) to formic acid(HCOOH)is an important route for storing renewable energy and achieving carbon neutrality.Herein,we propose the continuous production of HCOOH solution from electrocat...Electrochemical reduction of CO_(2) to formic acid(HCOOH)is an important route for storing renewable energy and achieving carbon neutrality.Herein,we propose the continuous production of HCOOH solution from electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction using highly mesoporous bismuth oxide(Bi_(2)O_(3))nanosheets as an electrocatalyst and membrane electrode assembly with solid-state electrolyte as an electrolyzer.Precisely,0.1 M of HCOOH solution could be produced continuously at a current density of -56 mA cm^(-2) for at least 43 h.The underlying mechanism for the high performance of the electrocatalytic system was investigated by experimental studies and theoretical calculations.展开更多
文摘Laurasiatheria is one of the richest and most diverse superorders of placental mammals. Because this group had a rapid evolutionary radiation, the phylogenetic relationships among the six orders of Laurasiatheria remain a subject of heated debate and several issues related to its phylogeny remain open. Reconstructing the true phylogenetic relationships of Laurasiatheria is a significant case study in evolutionary biology due to the diversity of this suborder and such research will have significant implications for biodiversity conservation. We review the higher-level （inter-ordinal） phylogenies of Laurasiatheria based on previous cytogenetic, morphological and molecular data, and discuss the controversies of its phylogenetic relationship. This review aims to outline future researches on Laurasiatheria phylogeny and adaptive evolution.
基金Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET)。
文摘Laurasiatheria is one of the richest and most diverse superorders of placental mammals.Because this group had a rapid evolutionary radiation,the phylogenetic relationships among the six orders of Laurasiatheria remain a subject of heated debate and several issues related to its phylogeny remain open.Reconstructing the true phylogenetic relationships of Laurasiatheria is a significant case study in evolutionary biology due to the diversity of this suborder and such research will have significant implications for biodiversity conservation.We review the higher-level(inter-ordinal)phylogenies of Laurasiatheria based on previous cytogenetic,morphological and molecular data,and discuss the controversies of its phylogenetic relationship.This review aims to outline future researches on Laurasiatheria phylogeny and adaptive evolution.
文摘Pangolins(Pholidota,Manidae)are classified as an evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered mammal due to their unique morphology(nail-like scales and a myrmecophagous diet)and being the victim of heavy poaching and worldwide trafficking.As such,pangolins serve as a textbook example for studying the special phenotypic evolutionary adaptations and conservation genetics of an endangered species.Recent years have demonstrated significant advancements in the fields of molecular genetics and genomics,which have translated to a series of important research achievements and breakthroughs concerning the evolution and conservation genetics of pangolins.This review comprehensively presents the hitherto advances in phylogeny,adaptive evolution,conservation genetics,and conservation genomics that are related to pangolins,which will provide an ample understanding of their diversity,molecular adaptation mechanisms,and evolutionary potentials.In addition,we highlight the priority of investigating species/population diversity among pangolins and suggest several avenues of research that are highly relevant for future pangolin conservation.
基金support by Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2017YFA0403003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22033009 and 22121002).
文摘To develop high-performance metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)for catalysis is of great importance.Here,we synthesized the mesoporous Cu_(3−x)Zn_(x)(BTC)_(2)(BTC=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate)nanocubes in a deep eutectic solvent of ZnCl_(2)/ethylene glycol solution.The route can proceed at room temperature and the reaction time needed is shortened to be 30 min,which is superior to the conventional solvothermal route that usually needs high temperature and long reaction time.The formation mechanism of the mesoporous Cu_(3−x)Zn_(x)(BTC)_(2)nanocubes in deep eutectic solvent(DES)was investigated by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction/small angle X-ray scattering/X-ray absorption fine structure conjunction technique.The mesoporous Cu_(3−x)Zn_(x)(BTC)_(2)nanocubes exhibit high catalytic activity and reusability for cyanosilylation reaction of benzaldehyde and aerobic oxidation reaction of benzylic alcohol.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22033009 and 22121002)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(grant no.2017YFA0403003).
文摘To enhance the activity and selectivity of electrocatalytic CO_(2)reduction to formate is of great importance from both environmental and economical viewpoints.Herein,the BiO_(2-x)nanosheets with surface electron localizations were constructed and utilized for the efficient CO_(2)-to-formate conversion.The formate Faraday efficiency reaches 99.1%with current density of 12 mA cm^(−2)at^(−1).1 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)in an H-type cell while those in the flow cell are 91.3%and 319 mA cm^(−2)at^(−1).0 V versus RHE,respectively.Theoretical calculations indicate that the electron localization presenting in the BiO_(2-x)nanosheet favors OCHO*intermediate stabilization and suppresses H*intermediate adsorption,thus improving the CO_(2)-to-formate efficiency.The BiO_(2-x)electrocatalyst is nondopant,easily prepared,low-cost,highly active and selective for CO_(2)RR to formate,which has demonstrated potential for application in the Zn-CO_(2)battery.The maximum power density can reach 2.33 mW cm^(−2),and the charge/discharge cycling stability is>100 h(300 cycles)at 4.5 mA cm^(−2).
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, China (31925006)the Major Science and Technology Project in Yunnan Province of China, China (202001BB050001)+1 种基金the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program, China (2019QZKK0503)the Animal Branch of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘Pangolins are among the most critically endangered animals due to widespread poaching and worldwide trafficking. Captive breeding is considered to be one way to protect them and increase the sizes of their populations. However, comparative studies of captive and wild pangolins in the context of gut microbiota are rare. Here, the gut microbiome of captive and confiscated-rescued wild pangolins is compared, and the effects of different periods of captivity and captivity with and without antibiotic treatment are considered.We show that different diets and periods of captivity, as well as the application of antibiotic therapy, can alter gut community composition and abundance in pangolins. Compared to wild pangolins, captive pangolins have an increased capacity for chitin and cellulose/hemicellulose degradation, fatty acid metabolism, and short-chain fatty acid synthesis, but a reduced ability to metabolize exogenous substances. In addition to increasing the ability of the gut microbiota to metabolize nutrients in captivity, captive breeding imposes some risks for survival by resulting in a greater abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors in captive pangolins than in wild pangolins. Our study is important for the development of guidelines for pangolin conservation, including health assessment, disease prevention, and rehabilitation of wild pangolin populations.
文摘Among mammalian phylogenies,those characterized by rapid radiations are particularly problematic.The New World monkeys(NWMs,Platyrrhini)comprise 3 families and 7 subfamilies,which radiated within a relatively short time period.Accordingly,their phylogenetic relationships are still largely disputed.In the present study,56 nuclear non-coding loci,including 33 introns(INs)and 23 intergenic regions(IGs),from 20 NWM individuals representing 18 species were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among families and subfamilies.Of the 56 loci,43 have not been used in previous NWM phylogenetics.We applied concatenation and coalescence tree-inference methods,and a recently proposed question-specific approach to address NWM phylogeny.Our results indicate incongruence between concatenation and coalescence methods for the IN and IG datasets.However,a consensus was reached with a single tree topology from all analyses of combined INs and IGs as well as all analyses of question-specific loci using both concatenation and coalescence methods,albeit with varying degrees of statistical support.In detail,our results indicated the sister-group relationships between the families Atelidae and Pitheciidae,and between the subfamilies Aotinae and Callithrichinae among Cebidae.Our study provides insights into the disputed phylogenetic relationships among NWM families and subfamilies from the perspective of multiple non-coding loci and various tree-inference approaches.However,the present phylogenetic framework needs further evaluation by adding more independent sequence data and a deeper taxonomic sampling.Overall,our work has important implications for phylogenetic studies dealing with rapid radiations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22033009,22121002,and 22238011).
文摘Electrochemical reduction of CO_(2) to formic acid(HCOOH)is an important route for storing renewable energy and achieving carbon neutrality.Herein,we propose the continuous production of HCOOH solution from electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction using highly mesoporous bismuth oxide(Bi_(2)O_(3))nanosheets as an electrocatalyst and membrane electrode assembly with solid-state electrolyte as an electrolyzer.Precisely,0.1 M of HCOOH solution could be produced continuously at a current density of -56 mA cm^(-2) for at least 43 h.The underlying mechanism for the high performance of the electrocatalytic system was investigated by experimental studies and theoretical calculations.
