整合与创新—浙江省“美丽乡村”建设规划探析

本文通过新农村建设发展趋势分析,指明浙江省当前美丽乡村建设规划是新农村规划的“升级版”,其工作具有综合性、地方性及操作性特点。操作层面上存在技术依据缺失和管理机制失效两大问题,于此提出规划整合和机制创新两大措施,以期解决问题。

水稻典型品种日本晴和IR24根系微生物组的解析

植物的各项生命活动与其根系微生物组密不可分,且根系微生物组的组成易受到植物生长环境和基因型的影响。为进一步探究中国北方地区种植的不同品种水稻根系微生物组的差异及其相互作用机制,本研究以种植于北京昌平和上庄农场的水稻典型品种日本晴(Nipponbare)和IR24为研究对象,基于16S rRNA基因扩增子测序技术获得根系微生物组序列,利用多样性分析、组成型分析、机器学习的随机森林和网络分析等方法,对旺盛生长期的两种不同品种的水稻根系微生物组进行详细比较。研究发现,种植地点和水稻基因型显著影响了水稻根系微生物组的群落结构,不同基因型导致了根系微生物组在物种分类组成上以及细菌间相互关系的差异,而且根系微生物组能作为生物标记跨地点区分宿主的基因型。本研究结果为深入理解我国北方种植的水稻根系微生物组的组成规律以及从根系微生物与植物互作的角度对品种进行改良提供了数据和理论基础。

Screening for gastric cancer in China:Advances,challenges and visions

Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the major cancers in China and all over the world.Most GCs are diagnosed at an advanced stage with unfavorable prognosis.Along with some other countries,China has developed the government-funded national screening programs for GC and other major cancers.GC screening has been shown to effectively decrease the incidence of and mortality from GC in countries adopting nationwide screening programs(Japan and Korea)and in studies based on selected Chinese populations.The screening of GC relies mostly on gastroendoscopy,the accuracy,reliability and safety of which have been indicated by previous studies.However,considering its invasive screening approach,requirements on skilled endoscopists and pathologists,and a high cost,developing noninvasive methods to amend endoscopic screening would be highly needed.Numerous studies have examined biomarkers for GC screening and the combination of biomarkers involving pepsinogen,gastrin,and Helicobacter pylori antibodies has been proposed for risk stratification,seeking to narrow down the high-risk populations for further endoscopy.Despite all the achievements of endoscopic screening,evidence on appropriate screening age,intervals for repeated screening,novel biomarkers promoting precision prevention,and health economics need to be accumulated to inform policymakers on endoscopic screening in China.With the guide of Health China 2030 Planning Outline,we have golden opportunities to promote prevention and control of GC.In this review,we summarize the characteristics of screening programs in China and other East Asian countries and introduce the past and current approaches and strategies for GC screening,aiming for featuring the latest advances and key challenges,and illustrating future visions of GC screening.

Identification of novel QTL associated with soybean isoflavone content

Soybean isoflavones are essential secondary metabolites synthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway and benefit human health. In the present study, highresolution QTL mapping for isoflavone components was performed using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq) with a recombinant inbred line(RIL) population(F5:7) derived from a cross between two cultivated soybean varieties, Luheidou 2(LHD2) and Nanhuizao(NHZ). Using a high-density genetic map comprising 3541 SLAF markers and the isoflavone contents of soybean seeds in the 200 lines in four environments, 24 stable QTL were identified for isoflavone components, explaining 4.2%–21.2% of phenotypic variation.Of these QTL, four novel stable QTL(qG8, qMD19, qMG18, and qTIF19) were identified for genistin, malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and total isoflavones, respectively. Gene annotation revealed three genes involved in isoflavone biosynthesis(Gm4CL, GmIFR, and GmCHR) and 13 MYB-like genes within genomic regions corresponding to stable QTL intervals, suggesting candidate genes underlying these loci. Nine epistatic QTL were identified for isoflavone components, explaining 4.7%–15.6% of phenotypic variation. These results will facilitate understanding the genetic basis of isoflavone accumulation in soybean seeds. The stable QTL and tightly linked SLAF markers may be used for markerassisted selection in soybean breeding programs.

Two diversities meet in the rhizosphere:root specialized metabolites and microbiome

Plants serve as rich repositories of diverse chemical compounds collectively referred to as specialized metabolites.These compounds are of importance for adaptive processes,including interactions with various microbes both beneficial and harmful.Considering microbes as bioreactors,the chemical diversity undergoes dynamic changes when root-derived specialized metabolites(RSMs)and microbes encounter each other in the rhizosphere.Recent advancements in sequencing techniques and molecular biology tools have not only accelerated the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of RSMs but also unveiled the significance of RSMs in plant-microbe interactions.In this review,we provide a comprehensive description of the effects of RSMs on microbe assembly in the rhizosphere and the influence of corresponding microbial changes on plant health,incorporating the most up-to-date information available.Additionally,we highlight open questions that remain for a deeper understanding of and harnessing the potential of RSM-microbe interactions to enhance plant adaptation to the environment.Finally,we propose a pipeline for investigating the intricate associations between root exometabolites and the rhizomicrobiome.

Experimental study on the CO_(2) concentration and age of air distribution inside tiny sleeping spaces

In recent years,rapid urban development has led to capsule hotels,sleep pods,and other tiny sleeping spaces that adapt to people’s fast-paced lives,achieving maximum functionality with a very small footprint.However,due to the small space,human metabolic pollutant(such as CO_(2))is more likely to accumulate,and the air is not easily circulated.In this paper,a full-size experimental platform is set up with three types of ventilation modes to explore the exclusion efficiency of metabolic pollutants and the overall distribution of age of air under these ventilation modes.The conclusions showed that the mean values of metabolic pollutant exclusion rates for the different ventilation modalities varied very little across the spatial dimensions of the confined space but varied considerably in the area around the head.The double-side attached ventilation method was the most effective in removing human metabolic pollutants,especially in the head region(CN≥0.92),while the single-wall attached ventilation method had the best air exchange efficiency(η≥0.85).This suggests an inconsistent distribution of CO_(2) and age of air,which is contrary to general common sense.The conclusions of this paper can guide the design of ventilation for tiny sleeping spaces.

Gastric microbiota and its role in gastric carcinogenesis

Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common malignancies globally,the occurrence of which undergoes a multistage chronic evolutionary process.It is a great public health issue to deeply understand the mechanisms of GC development and factors affecting the evolution of gastric lesions.Helicobacter pylori infection has been identified as one of the main factors for gastric carcinogenesis and microbial dysbiosis.With the advances in molecular biology techniques,other gastric microbes besides H.pylori have been observed to play an essential role in the development of GC.Previous animal model studies suggested that specific and critical microbes in the stomach can accelerate the malignant transformation of gastric mucosa and the progression of gastric lesions to GC.Recently,the composition of human gastric microbiota has been investigated from stages of precancerous lesions to GC,including characteristics of gastric microbiota diversity,lesion-associated differential microbes,predicted microbiotarelated functions,microbiota interactions,and microbial mechanisms in gastric carcinogenesis.In this review,we provide an overview of the gastric microbiota,summarize current studies exploring the roles of microbiota in gastric carcinogenesis,and illustrate the significance and prospects of integrative multiomics analysis combined with the microbiome in gastric carcinogenesis.

汉英“脾”隐喻对比研究

隐喻是人类通用的认知和概念化方式。身体作为人类认识世界的物质基础,由此产生的人体隐喻贯穿人类认知构建的全过程。“脾”是人体的“血库”,以其为源域的隐喻表达在汉英语言中经常提及并频繁使用。通过CCL和COCA语料库来搜集汉英“脾”语料,依托当代隐喻学原理,进行跨语言系统比较,归纳总结汉英“脾”隐喻的异同点,并基于认知共性与文化个性双重维度,深入分析探究汉英“脾”隐喻相似性与差异性并存的孳乳机理。

Characteristics of outdoor pollutants intrusion and ventilation control in sentry buildings with normal openings

Sentry buildings have windows that are often open to facilitate communication between personnel.It also provides the possibility for the intrusion of pollutants such as vehicle exhaust emissions.To prevent the intrusion of outdoor pollutants and create an excellent indoor environment,internal circulation with double-attached ventilation(IC-DAV)and external circulation with double-attached ventilation(EC-DAV)are proposed for such buildings,and the isolation effect of two attached ventilation modes on pollutants is compared with that of natural ventilation.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method was used to simulate the transportation process and indoor distribution of outdoor pollutants intruding into sentry buildings from the regular openings under different outdoor wind directions,wind velocities,and states of the doors and ventilation modes.The results indicate that the leeward airflow of the three wind directions caused the largest pollutants to invade the room.The amount of pollutants intrusion increased with increasing wind velocity.When the leeward airflow and the windward airflow blow through the building,opening the door increased the amount of pollutants intruding into the room by 3.34 times and 8.85 times,respectively,compared with closing the door.However,the IC-DAV can isolate 81.7% of the pollutants while the EC-DAV can isolate 99.92% of the pollutants as compared with natural ventilation.Applying double attached ventilation mode in buildings can effectively prevent the intrusion of outdoor pollutants into the room,reduce the harm of outdoor pollutants to the health of indoor personnel,and provide a new idea for buildings to improve the indoor air quality.

The root microbiome:Community assembly and its contributions to plant fitness

The root microbiome refers to the community of microbes living in association with a plant's roots,and includes mutualists,pathogens,and commensals.Here we focus on recent advances in the study of root commensal community which is the major research object of microbiomerelated researches.With the rapid development of new technologies,plant-commensal interactions can be explored with unprecedented breadth and depth.Both the soil environment and the host plant drive commensal community assembly.The bulk soil is the seed bank of potential commensals,and plants use root exudates and immune responses to build healthy microbial communities from the available microbes.The plant microbiome extends the functional system of plants by participating in a variety of processes,including nutrient absorption,growth promotion,and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.Plants and their microbiomes have evolved adaptation strategies over time.However,there is still a huge gap in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of plant-commensal interactions.In this review,we summarize recent research on the assembly of root microbial communities and the effects of these communities on plant growth and development,and look at the prospects for promoting sustainable agricultural development through the study of the root microbiome.

The rice histone methylation regulates hub species of the root microbiota

Plants have a close relationship with their root microbiota,which comprises a complex microbial network.Histone methylation is an important epigenetic modification influencing multiple plant traits;however,little is known about the role of plant histone methylation in the assembly and network structure of the root microbiota.In this study,we established that the rice(Oryza sativa)histone methylation regulates the structure and composition of the root microbiota,especially the hub species in the microbial network.DJjmj703(defective in histone H3K4 demethylation)and ZH11-sdg714(defective in H3K9 methylation)showed significant different root microbiota compared with the corresponding wild types at the phylum and family levels,with a consistent increase in the abundance of Betaproteobacteria and a decrease in the Firmicutes.In the root microbial network,35 of 44 hub species in the top 10 modules in the tested field were regulated by at least one histone methylation-related gene.These observations establish that the rice histone methylation plays a pivotal role in regulating the assembly of the root microbiota,providing insights into the links between plant epigenetic regulation and root microbiota.

Root microbiota shift in rice correlates with resident time in the field and developmental stage

Land plants in natural soil form intimate relationships with the diverse root bacterial microbiota. A growing body of evidence shows that these microbes are important for plant growth and health. Root microbiota composition has been widely studied in several model plants and crops; however, little is known about how root microbiota vary throughout the plant's life cycle under field conditions. We performed longitudinal dense sampling in field trials to track the time-series shift of the root microbiota from two representative rice cultivars in two separate locations in China. We found that the rice root microbiota varied dramatically during the vegetative stages and stabilized from the beginning of the reproductive stage, after which the root microbiota underwent relatively minor changes until rice ripening. Notably, both rice genotype and geographical location influenced the patterns of root microbiota shift that occurred during plant growth. The relative abundance of Deltaproteobacteria in roots significantly increased overtime throughout the entire life cycle of rice, while that of Betaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Gammaproteobacteria decreased. By a machine learning approach, we identified biomarker taxa and established a model to correlate root microbiota with rice resident time in the field(e.g., Nitrospira accumulated from 5 weeks/tillering in field-grown rice). Our work provides insights into the process of rice root microbiota establishment.

Host-Associated Quantitative Abundance Profiling Reveals the Microbial Load Variation of Root Microbiome

Plant-associated microbes are critical for plant growth and survival under natural environmental conditions.To date,most plant microbiome studies involving high-throughput amplicon sequencing have focused on the relative abundance of microbial taxa.However,this technique does not assess the total microbial load and the abundance of individual microbes relative to the amount of host plant tissues.Here,we report the development of a host-associated quantitative abundance profiling(HA-QAP)method that can accurately examine total microbial load and colonization of individual root microbiome members relative to host plants by the copy-number ratio of microbial marker gene to plant genome.We validate the HAQAP method using mock experiments,perturbation experiments,and metagenomic sequencing.The HA-QAP method eliminates the generation of spurious outputs in the classical method based on microbial relative abundance,and reveals the load of root microbiome to host plants.Using the HA-QAP method,we found that the copy-number ratios of microbial marker genes to plant genome range from 1.07 to 6.61 for bacterial 16S rRNA genes and from 0.40 to 2.26 for fungal internal transcribed spacers in the root microbiome samples from healthy rice and wheat.Furthermore,using HA-QAP we found that an increase in total microbial load represents a key feature of changes in root microbiome of rice plants exposed to drought stress and of wheat plants with root rot disease,which significantly influences patterns of differential taxa and species interaction networks.Given its accuracy and technical feasibility,HA-QAP would facilitate our understanding of genuine interactions between root microbiome and plants.

Continuous desulfurization and bacterial community structure of an integrated bioreactor developed to treat SO_2 from a gas stream

Sulfide dioxide（SO2） is often released during the combustion processes of fossil fuels. An integrated bioreactor with two sections, namely, a suspended zone（SZ） and immobilized zone（IZ）, was applied to treat SO2 for 6 months. Sampling ports were set in both sections to investigate the performance and microbial characteristics of the integrated bioreactor. SO2 was effectively removed by the synergistic effect of the SZ and IZ, and more than 85%removal efficiency was achieved at steady state. The average elimination capacity of SO2 in the bioreactor was 2.80 g/（m3·hr） for the SZ and 1.50 g/（m3· hr） for the IZ. Most SO2 was eliminated in the SZ. The liquid level of the SZ and the water content ratio of the packing material in the IZ affected SO2 removal efficiency. The SZ served a key function not only in SO2 elimination, but also in moisture maintenance for the IZ. The desired water content in IZ could be feasibly maintained without any additional pre-humidification facilities. Clone libraries of 16 S r DNA directly amplified from the DNA of each sample were constructed and sequenced to analyze the community composition and diversity in the individual zones.The desulfurization bacteria dominated both zones. Paenibacillus sp. was present in both zones, whereas Ralstonia sp. existed only in the SZ. The transfer of SO2 to the SZ involved dissolution in the nutrient solution and biodegradation by the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.This work presents a potential biological treatment method for waste gases containing hydrophilic compounds.

A derivatization method to improve the assay of salinomycin sodium and its application in the liposomal formulation

Salinomycin sodium（SAL-Na） is a type of antibiotic chemotherapeutic drugs with the potential to treat cancer stem cells. The assay method of SAL-Na included in the pharmacopoeia is a microbiological method, which is not suitable for the rapid detection in daily scientific research. Besides, the assay methods of SAL-Na reported by literature are not suitable for quantification due to the interference of various excipients. Consequently, the deep study on biological mechanism of SAL-Na is hindered by its assay method. In the present study, we aimed to establish an ultraviolet visible（UV-vis） spectrophotometric method to determine the content of SAL-Na in the liposomes. The first approach was a UV spectrophotometry, in which SAL-Na was dissolved in ethanol and then detected at 287 nm. Although the standard curve measured at 287 nm by UV method had good linearity, the quantification limitation was too high to meet the requirement in determining SAL-Na in the liposomes. In addition, the membrane materials in the liposomes severely affected the measurement. The second one was an improved UV-vis spectrophotometry by vanillin derivatization. In this method, SAL-Na was dissolved in 95% ethanol, mixed with vanillin test solution and heated at 72 ℃ for 40 min for derivatization. After cooling down to room temperature, the solution was detected using UV-vis spectrophotometer at 526 nm. This method could be used to accurately determine the content of SAL-Na at lower concentration, and the absorbance value was stable for 5 d at least. Moreover, the membrane materials of the liposomes did not affect the absorbance of SAL-Na at 526 nm. The precision and recovery studies demonstrated that the vanillin derivatization approach was stable and precise in assaying SAL-Na. In conclusion, the UV-vis spectrophotometry by vanillin derivatization could be used for measuring SAL-Na in the liposomes, thereby laying a foundation for deep study of the biological mechanism of SAL-Na in the liposomes.

Alcohol/water-soluble porphyrins as cathode interlayers in high-performance polymer solar cells

Three alcohol/water-soluble porphyrins, Zn-TPyPMeI： zinc（II） meso-tetra（N-methyl-4-pyridyl） porphyrin tetra-iodide, Zn- TPyPAdBr： zinc（II） meso-tetra[1-（1-adamantylmethyl ketone）-4-pyridyl] porphyrin tetra-bromide and MnC1-TPyPAdBr： man- ganese（III） meso-tetra[1-（1-adamantylmethyl ketone）-4-pyridyl] porphyrin tetra-bromide were employed as cathode interlayers to fabricate polymer solar cells （PSCs）. The PCvaBM （[6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester） and PCDTBT （poly[N-9＂- hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-（4＇,7＇-di-2-thienyl-2＇,3＇-benzothiadiazole）]）-blend films were used as active layers in polymer solar cells （PSCs）. The PSCs with alcohol/water-soluble porphyrins interlayer showed obviously higher power con- version efficiency （PCE） than those without interlayers. The highest PCE, 6.86%, was achieved for the device with MnCl- TPyPAdBr as an interlayer. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopic （UPS）, carrier mobility, atomic force microscopy （AFM） and contact angle （0） characterizations demonstrated that the porphyrin molecules can result in the formation of interfacial dipole layer between active layer and cathode. The interfacial dipole layer can obviously improve the open-circuit voltage （Voc） and charge extraction, and sequentially lead to the increase of PCE.

A full-scale integrated-bioreactor with two zones treating odours from sludge thickening tank and dewatering house： performance and microbial characteristics

A full-scale integrated-bioreactor consisting of a suspended zone and an immobilized zone was employed to treat the ordours emitted from a wastewater treatment plant. The inlet concentrations of H,S and NH3 were 1.6-38.6 mg.m-3 and 0.1 6.7 mg.m-3 respectively, while the steady-state outlet concentrations were reduced to 0-2.8mg.m - for H2S and 0-0.5mg.m for NH3. BothH2SandNH3 were eliminated effectively by the integrated-bioreactor. The removal efficiencies of H2S and NH3 differed between the two zones. Four species of microorganisms related to the degradation of H2S and NH3 were isolated. The characteristics and distributions of the microbes in the bioreactor depended on the inlet concentration of substrates and the micro-environmental conditions in the individual zones. Product analysis indicated that most of the H2S was oxidized into sulfate in the immobilized zone but was dissolved into the liquid phase in the suspended zone. A large amount of NH3 was converted into nitrate and nitrite by nitration in the suspended zone, whereas only a small amount of NH3 was transferred to the aqueous phase mainly by absorption or chemical neutralization in the immobilized zone. Different microbial populations dominated the individual zones, and the major biodegradation products varied accordingly.

Temporal variation of microbial population in a thermophilic biofilter for SO_2 removal

The performance of a biofilter relies on the activity of microorganisms during the gas contaminant treatment process. In this study, SO2 was treated using a laboratory-scale biofilter packed with polyurethane foam cubes（PUFC）, on which thermophilic desulfurization bacteria were attached. The thermophilic biofilter effectively reduced SO2 within 10 months of operation time, with a maximum elimination capacity of 48.29 g/m^3/hr.Temporal shifts in the microbial population in the thermophilic biofilter were determined through polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and deoxyribonucleic acid（DNA） sequence analysis. The substrate species and environmental conditions in the biofilter influenced the microbial population. Oxygen distribution in the PUFC was analyzed using a microelectrode. When the water-containing rate in PUFC was over 98%, the oxygen distribution presented aerobic–anoxic–aerobic states along the test route on the PUFC. The appearance of sulfate-reducing bacteria was caused by the anaerobic conditions and sulfate formation after 4 months of operation.

Effects of oxygen and water content on microbial distribution in the polyurethane foam cubes of a biofilter for SO_2 removal

The performance of a biofilter for off-gas treatment relies on the activity of microorganisms and adequate O_2 and H_2O. In present study, a microelectrode was applied to analyze O_2 in polyurethane foam cubes（PUFCs） packed in a biofilter for SO_2 removal. The O_2 distribution varied with the density and water-containing rate（WCR） of PUFCs. The O_2 concentration dropped sharply from 10.2 to 0.8 mg/L from the surface to the center of a PUFC with 97.20%of WCR. The PUFCs with high WCR presented aerobic–anoxic–aerobic areas.Three-dimensional simulated images demonstrated that the structure of PUFCs with high WCR consisted of an aerobic ＂shell＂ and an anoxic ＂core＂, with high-density PUFCs featuring a larger anoxic area than low-density PUFCs. Moreover, the H_2O distribution in the PUFC was uneven and affected the O_2 concentration. Whereas aerobic bacteria were observed in the PUFC surface, facultative anaerobic microorganisms were found at the PUFC core, where the O_2 concentration was relatively low. O_2 and H_2O distributions differed in the PUFCs, and the distribution of microorganisms varied accordingly.

A novel spatio-temporal trajectory data-driven development approach for autonomous vehicles

Nowadays,autonomous driving has been attracted widespread attention from academia and industry.As we all know,deep learning is effective and essential for the development of AI components of Autonomous Vehicles(AVs).However,it is challenging to adopt multi-source heterogenous data in deep learning.Therefore,we propose a novel data-driven approach for the delivery of high-quality Spatio-Temporal Trajectory Data(STTD)to AVs,which can be deployed to assist the development of AI components with deep learning.The novelty of our work is that the meta-model of STTD is constructed based on the domain knowledge of autonomous driving.Our approach,including collection,preprocessing,storage and modeling of STTD as well as the training of AI components,helps to process and utilize huge amount of STTD efficiently.To further demonstrate the usability of our approach,a case study of vehicle behavior prediction using Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks is discussed.Experimental results show that our approach facilitates the training process of AI components with the STTD.