飑线系统中的闪电活动与雷达回波特征的相关性研究

基于北京宽频带闪电网(Beijing Broadband Lightning Network,简称BLNet)获得的全闪三维定位和多普勒天气雷达等资料,详细分析了2015~2017年北京暖季7次强飑线过程的闪电活动与雷达回波强度之间的关系。结果表明,闪电主要发生于前部线状对流云区内且集中分布在30 d BZ以上的强回波区域,少部分的闪电分布在后部的层状云区域内。从闪电辐射源三维分布结构可以发现,闪电活动大部分处在6~11 km的高度范围。将能够同时反映强回波深度和面积的0~-30°C温度区域内大于30 d BZ雷达回波体积(V)作为强回波指标,并与闪电活动进行统计分析发现,整体上在7次飑线过程中,总闪频数和V存在较好的相关性,其中5次过程的闪电频数峰值同时或提前于V的峰值出现,二者的时滞相关系数超过0.61,提前时间为0~96 min。另外两次过程中闪电峰值落后于V峰值,落后时间分别为30 min和60 min。研究结果不仅对认识闪电与对流活动的关系有重要的科学意义,也可为闪电资料在数值模式中的同化应用提供科学依据。

通过反应界面微环境调控促进甲酸驱动的氧气还原合成过氧化氢

甲酸驱动的双电子氧还原是在温和条件下合成过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))的一种很有前途的方法.然而,在传统的催化体系中,反应物O_(2)在固体/液体两相反应界面处的浓度通常较低,限制了反应动力学和H_(2)O_(2)的产率.在这一工作中我们通过将模型催化剂Pt-TiO_(2)沉积在疏水多孔碳基底上,构建了具有气液固三相界面微环境的催化体系.基于这种三相体系,O_(2)能够从空气中快速输送至反应界面,从而大大提高其在反应区的浓度.与传统的固液两相催化体系相比,三相体系中的H_(2)O_(2)的生成速率常数提高了10倍以上.这项工作突出了反应界面调控对催化反应性能的重要影响,为开发高效H_(2)O_(2)合成体系提供了思路.

Stable operation of polymer electrolyte-solid-state batteries via lonepair electron fillers

Due to the increasing demand and wide applications of lithium-ion batteries,higher requirements have been placed on the energy density and safety.Polymer solid-state electrolytes have gained significant popularity due to their excellent interface compatibility and safety.However,their applications have been greatly restricted by the high crystallinity at room temperature,which hinders the transport of lithium ions.Herein,we utilize inorganic tubular fillers with abundant lone-pair atoms to reduce the crystallinity of the polyethylene oxide(PEO)solid-state electrolyte membrane and improve its ionic conductivity at room temperature,enabling stable operation of the battery.The tubular lone-pair-rich inorganic fillers play a key role in providing avenues for both internal and external charge transportation.The surface lone-pair electrons facilitate the dissociation and transport of lithium ions,while the internally tubular electron-rich layer attracts ions into the cavities,further enhancing the ion transport.After 100 cycles at room temperature,the lithium battery loaded with this solid-state electrolyte membrane delivers a specific capacity of 141.6 mAh·g−1,which is 51.3%higher compared to the membrane without the fillers.

Phase Transformation in Al/Zn Multilayers during Mechanical Alloying

In this work,mechanical alloying of the alternating stacked pure Al and Zn thin foils was accomplished via high-pressure torsion(HPT).In the alloyed Al-Zn system,an exotic phase transformation from hexagonal close-packed(HCP)to face-centered cubic(FCC)was identified.The atomic-scale evolution process and underlying mechanism of phase transformation down to atomic scale are provided by molecular dynamics simulation and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.The HCP→FCC phase transformation was attributed to the sliding of Shockley partial dislocations generated at the Al-Zn grain boundaries,which resulted in an[2110][011]and(0001)/(111)orientation relationship between the two phases.This work provides a new approach for the in-depth study of the solid phase transformation of Al-Zn alloys and also shed lights on understanding the mechanical properties of the HPT processed Al-Zn alloys.

锂氧电池中基于自支撑Ag/δ-MnO_(2)纳米花正极的可逆LiOH化学

因放电产物对有机电解液具有高攻击性,使得锂-氧电池能量效率低和循环稳定性差的问题一直限制着其实际应用.与典型放电产物过氧化锂相比,氢氧化锂(LiOH)具有更好的化学和电化学稳定性.本文通过在碳纸上原位生长嵌有纳米银的花状二氧化锰作为锂-氧电池的正极(Ag/δ-MnO_(2)@CP),并证明了它能催化LiOH的可逆生成和分解.原位拉曼测试和理论计算表明Ag/δ-MnO_(2)催化放电中间体LiO2*与水分子解离的H+反应最终生成LiOH.以Ag/δ-MnO_(2)@CP为正极的锂-氧电池在潮湿氧气环境下表现出更高的比容量和放电平台.在电流密度为200 mA g^(−1)时,锂-氧电池的过电位仅为0.5 V,在500 mA h g^(−1)的限制比容量下可循环867圈.该工作为研究固相催化剂在锂-氧电池中的作用提供了新的思路,并将促进基于LiOH放电产物的锂-氧电池的实际应用.

Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms over the Beijing metropolitan region

The Dynamical-microphysical-electrical Processes in Severe Thunderstorms and Lightning Hazards(STORM973)project conducted coordinated comprehensive field observations of thunderstorms in the Beijing metropolitan region(BMR)during the warm season from 2014 to 2018.The aim of the project was to understand how dynamical,microphysical and electrical processes interact in severe thunderstorms in the BMR,and how to assimilate lightning data in numerical weather prediction models to improve severe thunderstorm forecasts.The platforms used in the field campaign included the Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET,consisting of 16 stations),2 X-band dual linear polarimetric Doppler radars,and 4 laser raindrop spectrometers.The collaboration also made use of the China Meteorological Administration’s mesoscale meteorological observation network in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Although diverse thunderstorm types were documented,it was found that squall lines and multicell storms were the two major categories of severe thunderstorms with frequent lightning activity and extreme rainfall or unexpected local short-duration heavy rainfall resulting in inundations in the central urban area,influenced by the terrain and environmental conditions.The flash density maximums were found in eastern Changping District,central and eastern Shunyi District,and the central urban area of Beijing,suggesting that the urban heat island effect has a crucial role in the intensification of thunderstorms over Beijing.In addition,the flash rate associated with super thunderstorms can reach hundreds of flashes per minute in the central city regions.The super(5%of the total),strong(35%),and weak(60%)thunderstorms contributed about 37%,56%,and 7%to the total flashes in the BMR,respectively.Owing to the close connection between lightning activity and the thermodynamic and microphysical characteristics of the thunderstorms,the lightning flash rate can be used as an indicator of severe weather events,such as hail and short-duration heavy rainfall.Lightning data can also be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models to help improve the forecasting of severe convection and precipitation at the cloud-resolved scale,through adjusting or correcting the thermodynamic and microphysical parameters of the model.

Controllable growth and flexible optoelectronic devices of regularly-assembled Bi2S3 semiconductor nanowire bifurcated junctions and crosslinked networks

Regularly assembled structures of nanowires, such as aligned arrays, junctions and interconnected networks, have great potential for the applications in logical circuits, address decoders, photoelectronic devices and transparent electrodes. However, for now it is still lack of effective approaches for constructing nanowire bifurcated junctions and crosslinked networks with ordered orientations and high quality. Herein, we report the controlled growth of Bi2S3 semiconductor nanowire bifurcated junctions and crosslinked networks with well-aligned directions and high crystalline degree by utilizing the proportional lattice match between nanowires and substrates. Taking advantages of the “tip-to-stem splice” assembly of individual nanowires, the precise orientation alignments of Bi2S3 semiconductor nanowire bifurcated junctions and crosslinked networks were successfully realized. The controlled growth mechanism and structural evolution process have been elucidated by detailed atomic structure characterizations and modeling. The highly crystal quality and direct energy bandgap of as-assembled photodetectors based on individual bismuth sulfide nanowires enabled high photoresponsivity and fast switch time under light illumination. The three-terminal devices based on nanowire bifurcated junctions present rapid carrier transport across the junction. The flexible photodetectors based on nanowire crosslinked networks show very minimal decay of photocurrent after long-term bending test. This work may provide new insights for the guided construction and regular assembly of low-dimensional ordered functional nanostructures towards advanced nanotechnologies.

Atomic mechanisms of hexagonal close-packed Ni nanocrystallization revealed by in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy

The fundamental understanding of the mechanism underlying the early stages of crystallization of hexagonal-close-packed(hcp)nanocrystals is crucial for their synthesis with desired properties,but it remains a significant challenge.Here,we report using in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy(TEM)to directly capture the dynamic nucleation process and track the real-time growth pathway of hcp Ni nanocrystals at the atomic scale.It is demonstrated that the growth of amorphous-phase-mediated hcp Ni nanocrystals is from the metal-rich liquid phases.In addition,the reshaped preatomic facet development of a single nanocrystal is also imaged.Theoretical calculations further identify the non-classical features of hcp Ni crystallization.These discoveries could enrich the nucleation and growth model theory and provide useful information for the rational design of synthesis pathways of hcp nanocrystals.