A silver electrode was anodized in lowly concentrated potassium chloride solution almost under the steady state to generate a deposit of silver chloride on the electrode, and the deposit was cathodically stripped by l...A silver electrode was anodized in lowly concentrated potassium chloride solution almost under the steady state to generate a deposit of silver chloride on the electrode, and the deposit was cathodically stripped by linear potential scan to evaluate the reduction charge. Then the oxidation charge was larger than the reduction one. Since the equality was valid for long term chronocoulometry at the double potential step, the inequality is not due to any irreversibility of electrode reactions, but can be attributed to the process of the cathodic potential scan. A reason for the inequality is the negative charge of the capacitance involved in the electrode reaction, which has been observed in simple, dissolved redox species like a ferrocenyl derivative. The negative capacitive currents are conspicuous for high concentrations of redox species on the electrode because they result from the orientation of the dipoles of the redox species coupled with counterion, of which direction is opposite to that of the solvent dipoles. If a silver chloride film was thin enough to be regarded as a monolayer, we found that half of the cathodic stripping charge should be lost by the negative capacitance.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Studies indicate that viruses could spread across species,but it is difficult to know when and where such small probability events occur because it is almost impossible t...Summary What is already known about this topic?Studies indicate that viruses could spread across species,but it is difficult to know when and where such small probability events occur because it is almost impossible to design an observational study on the whole landscape.What is added by this report?We did a comprehensive analysis on the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and tried to find the time,place,and host that the viruses stayed in their long evolutionary history.What are the implications for public health practice?Public databases are helpful to understand the risk of virus infection in humans and also a cost-effective method for monitoring public health and safety events.展开更多
文摘A silver electrode was anodized in lowly concentrated potassium chloride solution almost under the steady state to generate a deposit of silver chloride on the electrode, and the deposit was cathodically stripped by linear potential scan to evaluate the reduction charge. Then the oxidation charge was larger than the reduction one. Since the equality was valid for long term chronocoulometry at the double potential step, the inequality is not due to any irreversibility of electrode reactions, but can be attributed to the process of the cathodic potential scan. A reason for the inequality is the negative charge of the capacitance involved in the electrode reaction, which has been observed in simple, dissolved redox species like a ferrocenyl derivative. The negative capacitive currents are conspicuous for high concentrations of redox species on the electrode because they result from the orientation of the dipoles of the redox species coupled with counterion, of which direction is opposite to that of the solvent dipoles. If a silver chloride film was thin enough to be regarded as a monolayer, we found that half of the cathodic stripping charge should be lost by the negative capacitance.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[No.2020YFC0849200,2021YFC0863400]NSFC projects[No.72174004,91546203,91846302].
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Studies indicate that viruses could spread across species,but it is difficult to know when and where such small probability events occur because it is almost impossible to design an observational study on the whole landscape.What is added by this report?We did a comprehensive analysis on the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and tried to find the time,place,and host that the viruses stayed in their long evolutionary history.What are the implications for public health practice?Public databases are helpful to understand the risk of virus infection in humans and also a cost-effective method for monitoring public health and safety events.
