Wrecking neutrophil extracellular traps and antagonizing cancer-associated neurotransmitters by interpenetrating network hydrogels prevent postsurgical cancer relapse and metastases

Tumor-promoting niche after incomplete surgery resection(SR)can lead to more aggressive local progression and distant metastasis with augmented angiogenesis-immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment(TME).Herein,elevated neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs)and cancer-associated neurotransmitters(CANTs,e.g.,catecholamines)are firstly identified as two of the dominant inducements.Further,an injectable fibrin-alginate hydrogel with high tissue adhesion has been constructed to specifically co-deliver NETs inhibitor(DNase I)-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles and an unselectiveβ-adrenergic receptor blocker(propranolol).The two components(i.e.,fibrin and alginate)can respond to two triggers(thrombin and Ca2+,respectively)in postoperative bleeding to gelate,shaping into an interpenetrating network(IPN)featuring high strength.The continuous release of DNase I and PR can wreck NETs and antagonize catecholamines to decrease microvessel density,blockade myeloid-derived suppressor cells,secrete various proinflammatory cytokines,potentiate natural killer cell function and hamper cytotoxic T cell exhaustion.The reprogrammed TME significantly suppress locally residual and distant tumors,induce strong immune memory effects and thus inhibit lung metastasis.Thus,targetedly degrading NETs and blocking CANTs enabled by this in-situ IPN-based hydrogel drug depot provides a simple and efficient approach against SR-induced cancer recurrence and metastasis.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Influenza A and B in Macao,2010–2018

Influenza is one of the major respiratory diseases in humans.Macao is a tourist city with high density of population and special population mobility.The study on the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in Macao should bring great value for preventing influenza in tourist cities like Macao in the world.In this study,we collected a total of 104,874 samples with influenza-like illness(ILI)in Macao from 2010 to 2018.Chi-square test and binary multivariable logistic regression were used to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of influenza A and B in Macao.Among these ILI samples,the overall positive rate is 17.17%for influenza A and 6.97%for influenza B.The epidemics of influenza in three years(i.e.,2012,2017 and 2018)differ from the remaining years(i.e.,normal years).In a normal year,influenza A occurs year-round whereas influenza B is seasonal.Our research shows significant differences in influenza infections between different age groups in normal years.Interestingly,our analysis shows no significant difference between locals and tourists in influenza A and B infection in a normal year,whereas the odds of influenza A in tourists were significantly higher than those in locals in July 2017 and the odds of influenza B in tourists were significantly higher than those in locals in January–February 2012 and January–February 2018.This is possibly attributed by the policy of free vaccination to everyone in Macao.These findings should be valuable for preventing influenza in not only Macao but also the world.